4 pi

Fields medalist Michael Freedman got involved with knots using a very simple technique, assign a sort of energy integral that becomes infinite if there is a genuine self-crossing, that is if you try to force the curve to change isotopy class. The results relate, at least, to Ryan's comment "the figure 8 knot is twice as knotted as the trefoil".

Excerpts from a column by Ian Stewart...the quoting process does not seem to have rendered the mathematical symbols very well, and I do not know what the letter p means, but here is the link: http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/knotprob.html

But it now looks as if the most interesting "energy" concept for knots is not elastic, but electrostatic, as suggested in 1987 by S. Fukuhara of Tsuda College, Tokyo. Imagine the knot to be a flexible wire of fixed length, which can pass through itself if necessary and which has a uniform electrostatic charge along its length. Because like charges repel each other, a knot that is free to move will arrange itself so as to keep neighbouring strands as far apart as possible in order to minimise its electrostatic energy. This minimum energy value is the invariant.

But is it a useful one? Does it have simple, natural properties that mathematicians can exploit? In 1991, Jun O'Hara of Tokyo Metropolitan University proved that the minimum energy of a knot really does increase as the knot becomes more complicated. Only a finite number of topologically different knots exist with energy less than or equal to any chosen value. This means that topological types of knots can be "ordered" in terms of their energy. There is a natural numerical scale of complexity for knots, ranging from simple knots at the low energy end to more complicated ones higher up.

What are the simplest knots? In the most recent issue of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, a team of four topologists - Steve Bryson of NASA's Ames Research Center in California, Michael Freedman and Zhenghan Wang of the University of California at San Diego, and Zheng-Xu He of Princeton University- prove that the simplest knots are exactly what you would expect. They are "round circles"- that is, circles in the everyday sense. Topologists, whose "circles" are usually bent and twisted, have to append an adjective to remind themselves when, as in this case, they are not.

The energy of a round circle is 4, and all other closed loops have higher energy. Any loop with energy less than $6p 6 \pi + 4$ is topologically unknotted - it is a bent circle. More generally, a knot with $c$ crossings in some two-dimensional picture has energy at least $2pc 2 \pi c + 4,$ though this bound is probably not the best possible, as the lowest known energy for an overhand knot is about 74. The number of topologically distinct knots of energy $E$ is at most $(0.264) x (1.658)^E .$

3 added 54 characters in body

Fields medalist Michael Freedman got involved with knots using a very simple technique, assign a sort of energy integral that becomes infinite if there is a genuine self-crossing, that is if you try to force the curve to change isotopy class. The results relate, at least, to Ryan's comment "the figure 8 knot is twice as knotted as the trefoil".

Excerpts from a column by Ian Stewart...the quoting process does not seem to have rendered the mathematical symbols very well, and I do not know what the letter p means, but here is the link: http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/knotprob.html

But it now looks as if the most interesting "energy" concept for knots is not elastic, but electrostatic, as suggested in 1987 by S. Fukuhara of Tsuda College, Tokyo. Imagine the knot to be a flexible wire of fixed length, which can pass through itself if necessary and which has a uniform electrostatic charge along its length. Because like charges repel each other, a knot that is free to move will arrange itself so as to keep neighbouring strands as far apart as possible in order to minimise its electrostatic energy. This minimum energy value is the invariant.

But is it a useful one? Does it have simple, natural properties that mathematicians can exploit? In 1991, Jun O'Hara of Tokyo Metropolitan University proved that the minimum energy of a knot really does increase as the knot becomes more complicated. Only a finite number of topologically different knots exist with energy less than or equal to any chosen value. This means that topological types of knots can be "ordered" in terms of their energy. There is a natural numerical scale of complexity for knots, ranging from simple knots at the low energy end to more complicated ones higher up.

What are the simplest knots? In the most recent issue of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, a team of four topologists - Steve Bryson of NASA's Ames Research Center in California, Michael Freedman and Zhenghan Wang of the University of California at San Diego, and Zheng-Xu He of Princeton University- prove that the simplest knots are exactly what you would expect. They are "round circles"- that is, circles in the everyday sense. Topologists, whose "circles" are usually bent and twisted, have to append an adjective to remind themselves when, as in this case, they are not.

The energy of a round circle is 4, and all other closed loops have higher energy. Any loop with energy less than $6p + 4 4$ is topologically unknotted - it is a bent circle. More generally, a knot with c $c$ crossings in some two-dimensional picture has energy at least $2pc + 4, 4,$ though this bound is probably not the best possible, as the lowest known energy for an overhand knot is about 74. The number of topologically distinct knots of energy E $E$ is at most (0.264) $(0.264) x (1.658)E 1.658)^E .$

2 added 109 characters in body

Fields medalist Michael Freedman got involved with knots using a very simple technique, assign a sort of energy integral that becomes infinite if there is a genuine self-crossing, that is if you try to force the curve to change isotopy class. The results relate, at least, to Ryan's comment "the figure 8 knot is twice as knotted as the trefoil".

Excerpts from a comlumn column by Ian StewartStewart...the quoting process does not seem to have rendered the mathematical symbols very well, but here is the link: http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/knotprob.html

But it now looks as if the most interesting "energy" concept for knots is not elastic, but electrostatic, as suggested in 1987 by S. Fukuhara of Tsuda College, Tokyo. Imagine the knot to be a flexible wire of fixed length, which can pass through itself if necessary and which has a uniform electrostatic charge along its length. Because like charges repel each other, a knot that is free to move will arrange itself so as to keep neighbouring strands as far apart as possible in order to minimise its electrostatic energy. This minimum energy value is the invariant.

But is it a useful one? Does it have simple, natural properties that mathematicians can exploit? In 1991, Jun O'Hara of Tokyo Metropolitan University proved that the minimum energy of a knot really does increase as the knot becomes more complicated. Only a finite number of topologically different knots exist with energy less than or equal to any chosen value. This means that topological types of knots can be "ordered" in terms of their energy. There is a natural numerical scale of complexity for knots, ranging from simple knots at the low energy end to more complicated ones higher up.

What are the simplest knots? In the most recent issue of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, a team of four topologists - Steve Bryson of NASA's Ames Research Center in California, Michael Freedman and Zhenghan Wang of the University of California at San Diego, and Zheng-Xu He of Princeton University- prove that the simplest knots are exactly what you would expect. They are "round circles"- that is, circles in the everyday sense. Topologists, whose "circles" are usually bent and twisted, have to append an adjective to remind themselves when, as in this case, they are not.

The energy of a round circle is 4, and all other closed loops have higher energy. Any loop with energy less than 6p + 4 is topologically unknotted - it is a bent circle. More generally, a knot with c crossings in some two-dimensional picture has energy at least 2pc + 4, though this bound is probably not the best possible, as the lowest known energy for an overhand knot is about 74. The number of topologically distinct knots of energy E is at most (0.264) x (1.658)E .

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