This is not quite an answer to the question you are asking, but the definition of a function is an obvious example of a concept that obviously underwent considerable change, though perhaps one might argue that the eighteenth-century notion of a function was never formally defined. Amusingly, there are many textbooks that attempt to give a formal definition of function but get it wrong. (This is not my observation but something spotted by a colleague of mine who studies mathematical language.)
What the books do is say, "A function from A to B is a subset $F$ of AxB such that for every x in A there is a unique y in B such that $(x,y)\in F$." But if that is all you say, then two functions can be equal even if they have different codomains, which the authors of these same textbooks clearly don't intend if they ever mention surjections, bijections or inverse functions. There's an easy fix, which is to define a function to be an ordered triple consisting of A, B and the subset of AxB, but almost no books do this. (I'm talking here about introductions to undergraduate-level mathematics rather than books about axiomatic set theory.)
