The book A Mathematical History of the Golden Number by Roger Herz-Fischler is an exhaustive study of nearly all references to the golden ratio, from the earliest times, and is available as a free e-book, for example from:
http://ebook.networkgood.com/science/a-mathematical-history-of-the-golden-number.html. As has been pointed out by others, the golden ratio is older than the Fibonacci numbers. On page 53, Herz-Fischler notes that a pentagram appears as "a pot mark on a jar" dating from 3100 BC in Egypt.Here is the page from Google books:

