5 explained significance of PQP

## Construction

Suppose I have a density matrix $\rho$ which is proportional to a projector $P$ formed by tensoring together $N$ small projectors $P^{(i)}$ of rank 2:

$P^{(i)} = |a\rangle_i\langle a| + |b\rangle_i\langle b|$

$P=P^{(1)}\otimes \cdots \otimes P^{(N)} = \bigotimes_{i=1}^N P^{(i)}$

$\rho = P/2^n \quad , \quad \mathrm{Tr} \rho = 1$.

(I'm a physicists, and I don't really know how to express $P^{(i)}$ explicitly without using bra-ket notation.) The small projectors $P^{(i)}$ act on their own (potentially very large) Hilbert space $H^{(i)}$ spanned by, say, $\{|a\rangle_i, |b\rangle_i, |c\rangle_i,...\}$, and $P$ acts on $H = \bigotimes_{i=1}^N H^{(i)}$.

Then since the $2^N$ non-zero eigenvalues of $\rho$ are all the same, the entropy is obviously

$H[\rho] = -\sum_{s} \lambda_s \ln \lambda_s = N \ln 2$.

Now, suppose I split the density matrix in half, and operate on each half with either a local set of unitaries (all identical except that the act on different $H^{(i)}$) or their inverses. That is, suppose

$U = \bigotimes_{i=1}^N U^{(i)}$

$U^{(i)} |a\rangle_i = |a+\rangle_i \quad , \quad {U^{(i)}}^{-1} |a\rangle_i = |a-\rangle_i \quad , \quad U^{(i)} |b\rangle_i = |b+\rangle_i \quad , \quad {U^{(i)}}^{-1} |b\rangle_i = |b-\rangle_i$

with a new density matrix $\eta$:

$\eta = (U P U^{-1} + U^{-1} P U)/2^{N+1}$.

Assume we know the inner products

$\langle a-|b+\rangle \quad, \quad \langle a+|b-\rangle \quad, \quad \langle a+|a-\rangle \quad, \quad \langle b+|b-\rangle \quad ,$

(which are the same for all $i$ because the $U^{(i)}$ are all identical).

## Question

Is it possible to calculate the entropy $H[\eta]$?

If useful, it's fine to assume that $U^{(i)}$ is infitesimal so that

$\langle a-|b+\rangle \sim 0 \quad, \quad \langle a+|b-\rangle \sim 0 \quad, \quad \langle a+|a-\rangle \sim 1 \quad, \quad \langle b+|b-\rangle \sim 1 \quad .$

## Simpler case

It might be helpful to see the solution to the (much) simpler case where the $P^{(i)}$ are rank 1. In this case, we can write

$P^{(i)} = |a\rangle_i\langle a|$

$P = |a\rangle_1\langle a| \otimes \cdots \otimes |a\rangle_N\langle a| = |A\rangle\langle A|$

$\rho = P \quad , \quad \mathrm{Tr} \rho = 1$

$\eta = (U P U^{-1} + U^{-1} P U)/2$

$\quad = (|A+\rangle\langle A+| + |A-\rangle\langle A-|)/2$

and get that the two non-zero eigenvalues are

$\lambda_\pm = [1 \pm |\langle A+|A-\rangle_i|]/2$

where

$\langle A+|A-\rangle = \prod_{i=1}^N \langle a+|a-\rangle_i = \langle a+|a-\rangle^N$.

Steve Flammia graciously provided the answer below, which hinges on the relationship between the eigenvalues of the two operators $P+Q$ and $PQP$, where $P$ and $Q$ are orthogonal projectors. (The eigenvalues of $PQP$ are easy to compute because the matrix is diagonal in the same basis as $P$ and the matrix elements are expressed in terms of the known inner products.) As an exercise for myself, and to help out anyone else reading this question, the relationship is proved here.

Consider two orthogonal projectors $P$ and $Q$ with respective images $M$ and $N$. We can assume the intersections

$\quad M \cap N \quad , \quad M \cap N^\perp \quad , \quad M^\perp \cap N \quad , \quad M^\perp \cap N^\perp$

are all {0}, i.e. $M$ and $N$ are in "generic position". (If not, then the Hilbert space can be decomposed into $H=H' \oplus H_0$, where $M$ and $N$ leave both $H'$ and $H_0$ invariant, $M$ and $N$ are simultaneously diagonal on $H_0$, and the above intersections are trivial on $H'$. We then restrict our attention $H'$.) As shown by Halmos [1], for any pair of orthogonal projectors $P$ and $Q$ of equal rank we can decompose the Hilbert space into two subspaces of equal dimension, $H=K \oplus K$, in which

$P = \pmatrix{1& 0 \\ 0& 0}$

$Q = \pmatrix{C^2 & CS \\ CS & S^2}$

where $C$ and $S$ are positive matrices on $K$ which commute and for which $C^2 + S^2 =1$. If we let $c_i$ be the eigenvalues of $C$, then the non-zero eigenvalues of

$PQP = \pmatrix{C^2& 0 \\ 0& 0}$

are $c_i^2$ and the eigenvalues of

$P+Q=\pmatrix{1 + C^2& CS \\ CS & S^2}$

can be shown to be $1 \pm c_i$.

## References

[1] Halmos, P.R. "Two Subspaces". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 144 (Oct., 1969), pp. 381-389.

4 Better title

# HowdoesWhatis the entropy of a (density matricproportionaltoa)projectorchangeiftheprojectormatrixwhich is splitinhalfandtweakedslightlywithoppositeunitariesthesumoftwounitarilyequivalentprojectors?

## ---

Many thanks

Steve Flammia graciously provided the answer below, which hinges on the relationship between the eigenvalues of the two operators $P+Q$ and $PQP$, where $P$ and $Q$ are orthogonal projectors. As an exercise for any myself, and to help out anyone else reading this question, the relationship is proved here.

Consider two orthogonal projectors $P$ and $Q$ with respective images $M$ and $N$. We can assume the intersections

$\quad M \cap N \quad , \quad M \cap N^\perp \quad , \quad M^\perp \cap N \quad , \quad M^\perp \cap N^\perp$

are all {0}, i.e. $M$ and $N$ are in "generic position". (If not, then the Hilbert space can be decomposed into $H=H' \oplus H_0$, where $M$ and $N$ leave both $H'$ and $H_0$ invariant, $M$ and $N$ are simultaneously diagonal on $H_0$, and the above intersections are trivial on $H'$. We then restrict our attention $H'$.) As shown by Halmos [1], for any pair of orthogonal projectors $P$ and $Q$ of equal rank we can decompose the Hilbert space into two subspaces of equal dimension, $H=K \oplus K$, in which

$P = \pmatrix{1& 0 \\ 0& 0}$

$Q = \pmatrix{C^2 & CS \\ CS & S^2}$

where $C$ and $S$ are positive matrices on $K$ which commute and for which $C^2 + S^2 =1$. If we let $c_i$ be the eigenvalues of $C$, then the non-zero eigenvalues of

$PQP = \pmatrix{C^2& 0 \\ 0& 0}$

are $c_i^2$ and the eigenvalues of

$P+Q=\pmatrix{1 + C^2& CS \\ CS & S^2}$

can be shown to be $1 \pm c_i$.

## References

[1] Halmos, P.R. "Two Subspaces". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 144 (Oct., 1969), pp. 381-389.

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