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As Robin as pointed out, for all primes $p$, $\mathbb{Q}_p$ is rigid, i.e., has no nontrivial automorphisms. It is sort of a coincidence that you ask, since I spent much of the last $12$ hours writing up some material on multiply complete fields which has applications here:

Theorem (Schmidt): Let $K$ be a field which is complete with respect to two inequivalent nontrivial norms (i.e., the two norms induce distinct nondiscrete topologies). Then $K$ is algebraically closed.

Corollary: Let $K$ be a field which is complete with respect to a nontrivial norm and not algebraically closed. Then every automorphism of $K$ is continuous with respect to the norm topology. (Proof: To say that $\sigma$ is a discontinuous automorphism is to say that the pulled back norm $\sigma^*|| \ ||: x \mapsto ||\sigma(x)||$ is inequivalent to $|| \ ||$. Thus Schmidt's theorem applies.

In particular this applies to show that $\mathbb{Q}_p$ and $\mathbb{R}$ are rigid, since every continuous automorphism is determined by its values on the dense subspace $\mathbb{Q}$, hence the identity is the only possibility. (It is possible to give a much more elementary proof of these facts, e.g. using the Ostrowski classification of absolute values on $\mathbb{Q}$.)

At the other extreme, each algebraically closed field $K$ has the largest conceivable automorphism group: $\# \operatorname{Aut}(K) = 2^{\# K}$: e.g. Theorem 80 of

http://math.uga.edu/~pete/FieldTheory.pdf.

There is a very nice theorem of Bjorn Poonen which is reminiscent, though does not directly answer, your other question. For any field $K$ whatsoever, and any $g \geq 3$, there exists a genus $g$ function field $K(C)$ over $K$ such that $\operatorname{Aut}(K(C)/K)$ is trivial. However there may be other automorphisms which do not fix $K$ pointwise.

There is also a sense in which for each $d \geq 3$, if you pick a degree $d$ polynomial $P$ with $\mathbb{Q}$-coefficients at random, then with probability $1$ it is irreducible and $\mathbb{Q}[t]/(P)$ is rigid. By Galois theory this happens whenever $P$ is irreducible with Galois group $S_d$, and by Hilbert Irreducibility the complement of this set is small: e.g. it is "thin" in the sense of Serre.

Addendum: Recall also Cassels' embedding theorem (J.W.S. Cassels, An embedding theorem for fields, Bull. Austral. Math. Soc. 14 (1976), 193-198): every finitely generated field of characteristic $0$ can be embedded in $\mathbb{Q}_p$ for infinitely many primes $p$. It would be nice to know some positive characteristic analogue that would allow us to deduce that a finitely generated field of positive characteristic can be embedded in a rigid field (so far as I know it is conceivable that every finitely generated field of positive characteristic can be embedded in some Laurent series field $\mathbb{F}_q((t))$, but even if this is true it does not have the same consequence, since Laurent series fields certainly have nontrivial automorphisms).
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As Robin as pointed out, for all primes $p$, $\mathbb{Q}_p$ is rigid, i.e., has no nontrivial automorphisms. It is sort of a coincidence that you ask, since I spent much of the last $12$ hours writing up some material on multiply complete fields which has applications here:

Theorem (Schmidt): Let $K$ be a field which is complete with respect to two inequivalent nontrivial norms (i.e., the two norms induce distinct nondiscrete topologies). Then $K$ is algebraically closed.

Corollary: Let $K$ be a field which is complete with respect to a nontrivial norm and not algebraically closed. Then every automorphism of $K$ is continuous with respect to the norm topology. (Proof: To say that $\sigma$ is a discontinuous automorphism is to say that the pulled back norm $\sigma^*|| \ ||: x \mapsto ||\sigma(x)||$ is inequivalent to $|| \ ||$. Thus Schmidt's theorem applies.

In particular this applies to show that $\mathbb{Q}_p$ and $\mathbb{R}$ are rigid, since every continuous automorphism is determined by its values on the dense subspace $\mathbb{Q}$, hence the identity is the only possibility. (It is possible to give a much more elementary proof of these facts, e.g. using the Ostrowski classification of absolute values on $\mathbb{Q}$.)

At the other extreme, each algebraically closed field $K$ has the largest conceivable automorphism group: $\# \operatorname{Aut}(K) = 2^{\# K}$: e.g. Theorem 80 of

http://math.uga.edu/~pete/FieldTheory.pdf.

There is a very nice theorem of Bjorn Poonen which is reminiscent, though does not directly answer, your other question. For any field $K$ whatsoever, and any $g \geq 3$, there exists a genus $g$ function field $K(C)$ over $K$ such that $\operatorname{Aut}(K(C)/K)$ is trivial. However there may be other automorphisms which do not fix $K$ pointwise.

There is also a sense in which for each $d \geq 3$, if you pick a degree $d$ polynomial $P$ with $\mathbb{Q}$-coefficients at random, then with probability $1$ it is irreducible and $\mathbb{Q}[t]/(P)$ is rigid. By Galois theory this happens whenever $P$ is irreducible with Galois group $S_d$, and by Hilbert Irreducibility the complement of this set is small: e.g. it is "thin" in the sense of Serre.

show/hide this revision's text 1

As Robin as pointed out, for all primes $p$, $\mathbb{Q}_p$ is rigid, i.e., has no nontrivial automorphisms. It is sort of coincidence that you ask, since I much of the last $12$ hours writing up some material on multiply complete fields which has applications here:

Theorem (Schmidt): Let $K$ be a field which is complete with respect to two inequivalent nontrivial norms (i.e., the two norms induce distinct nondiscrete topologies). Then $K$ is algebraically closed.

Corollary: Let $K$ be a field which is complete with respect to a nontrivial norm and not algebraically closed. Then every automorphism of $K$ is continuous with respect to the norm topology. (Proof: To say that $\sigma$ is a discontinuous automorphism is to say that the pulled back norm $\sigma^*|| \ ||: x \mapsto ||\sigma(x)||$ is inequivalent to $|| \ ||$. Thus Schmidt's theorem applies.

In particular this applies to show that $\mathbb{Q}_p$ and $\mathbb{R}$ are rigid, since every continuous automorphism is determined by its values on the dense subspace $\mathbb{Q}$, hence the identity is the only possibility. (It is possible to give a much more elementary proof of these facts, e.g. using the Ostrowski classification of absolute values on $\mathbb{Q}$.)

There is a very nice theorem of Bjorn Poonen which is reminiscent, though does not directly answer, your other question. For any field $K$ whatsoever, and any $g \geq 3$, there exists a genus $g$ function field $K(C)$ over $K$ such that $\operatorname{Aut}(K(C)/K)$ is trivial. However there may be other automorphisms which do not fix $K$ pointwise.

There is also a sense in which for each $d \geq 3$, if you pick a degree $d$ polynomial $P$ with $\mathbb{Q}$-coefficients at random, then with probability $1$ it is irreducible and $\mathbb{Q}[t]/(P)$ is rigid. By Galois theory this happens whenever $P$ is irreducible with Galois group $S_d$, and by Hilbert Irreducibility the complement of this set is small: e.g. it is "thin" in the sense of Serre.