Third edit: Actually, there is a simpler argument using less sophisticated representation theory to obtain $p$ divides $|M|$. Suppose otherwise, and retain the notation above. Note that ${\rm Res}^{G}_{MP}(\chi)$ can't have an irreducible constituent of degree $p$ (but does have a trivial constituent): for if $\mu$ were such constituent, then Clifford's theorem would force $\mu$ to restrict to a sum of non-trivial linear characters of $M$, contrary to the fact that $M$ is perfect. Hence $MP$ has a non-trivial complex irreducible character $\theta$ say, of degree less than $p$ (and $\theta$ is faithful using the simplicity of $M$). Let $r$ be an odd prime divisor of $|M|$, and let $R$ be a $P$-invariant Sylow $r$-subgroup of $M$ (which exists). Then by the theorem of Hall-Higman-Shult, we have $[M,R] \leq {\rm ker} \theta = 1.$ Let $Q$ be a $P$-invariant Sylow $2$-subgroup of $M$. Then as $r$ was arbitrary, we have $M = QC_{M}(P).$ Hence $[M,P] \leq Q.$But $[M,P] \lhd M$ and $M$ is non-Abelian simple, so $[M,P] = 1$ and $P \leq C_{G}(M) = 1,$ a contradiction.
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I think there is a direct argument. Let $M$ be the unique minimal normal subgroup of $G,$ which is non-Abelian simple. Then $M$ must act faithfully by conjugation on the $(p+1)$ Sylow $p$-subgroups of $G$- otherwise, $M$ has a normal Sylow $p$-subgroup, which must then be trivial. But even then, $M$ must normalize, and hence centralize, a Sylow $p$-subgroup $P$ of $G$, as $M$ and $P$ normalize each other and have trivial intersection. Then $P$ is contained in $C_G(M)=1,$ a contradiction. Thus $G$ is isomorphic to a subgroup the symmetric group of degree $p+1$ and a Sylow $p$- subgroup of $G,$ say $P,$ has order $p.$ Now $P$ fixes no other Sylow $p$- subgroup of $G$ in the conjugation action, so permutes the remaining $p$ such subgroups in one orbit of length $p.$ Hence $G$ Is doubly transitive. Later addition: Let me try to address more precisely Mart's question in the comments- the argument is less elementary, but still avoids the classification of finite simple groups. Let me retain my notation of $M$ for the unique minimal normal subgroup of $G,$ (called $S$ by Derek and Mart) and let $P$ be a Sylow $p$-subgroup of $G,$ which has order $p,$ as we have seen already. The key point I will use is a Theorem of Feit and Thompson (Nagoya J. Math ~1963), which built on an earlier result of Brauer: the combined result asserts that if $X$ is a finite irreducible subgroup of ${\rm GL}(n,\mathbb{C})$ for some $n \leq \frac{p-1}{2},$ where $p$ is a prime, then either $X$ has a normal Sylow $p$-subgroup, or $X/Z(X) \cong {\rm PSL}(2,p).$ Our group $G$ has a transitive faithful permutation action on $p+1$ points, affording a permutation character $\chi,$ say. We are assuming tt that $M$ has orderprie order prime to $p,$ and aimin aiming to drive derive a contradiction. The orbits of $M$ all have equal length, and are permuted by $G$. If $M$ has two or more orbits, then |
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2 | Show $p$ does divide $|S|$ in response to Mart's question. | ||
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Which which is non-Abelian simple. Then $M$ must act faithfully by conjugationOn on the $(p+1)$ Sylow $p$-subgroups of $G$- otherwise, $M$Has has a normal Sylow $p$-subgroup, which must then be trivial.But even then, $M$ must normalize, and hence centralize, a Sylow $p$-subgroup $P$Of of $G$, as $M$ and $P$ normalize each other and have trivial intersectiointersection.Group group of degree $p+1$ and a Sylow $p$- subgroup Of of $G,$ say $P,$ has order $p.$ Now $P$ fixes no other Sylow $p$- subgroupIs doubly transitive.
Later addition: Let me try to address more precisely Mart's question in the comments-the argument is less elementary, but still avoids the classification of finite simple groups. Let me retain my notation of $M$ for the unique minimal normal subgroup of $G,$ (called $S$ by Derek and Mart) and let $P$ be a Sylow $p$-subgroup of $G,$ which has order $p,$ as we have seen already. The key point I will use is a Theorem of Feit and Thompson (Nagoya J. Math ~1963), which built on an earlier result of Brauer: the combined result asserts that if $X$ is a finite irreducible subgroup of ${\rm GL}(n,\mathbb{C})$ for some $n \leq \frac{p-1}{2},$ where $p$ is a prime, then either $X$ has a normal Sylow $p$-subgroup, or $X/Z(X) \cong {\rm PSL}(2,p).$ Our group $G$ has a transitive faithful permutation action on $p+1$ points, affording a permutation character $\chi,$ say. We are assuming tt $M$ has orderprie to $p,$ and aimin to drive a contradiction. The orbits of $M$ all have equal length, and are permuted by $G$. If $M$ has two or more orbits, then |
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