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Dear All,

This question may appear elementary to all the experts in number theory , but forgive me. I really wanted to know how did the $L$-functions came into existence, especially the Hasse-Weil L-functions . Do they have some specific meaning in their formulation or they are just framed heuristically to build some thing else , as scaffolding .

I do know that Zeta functions and L-functions of the curve act as spies in collecting the secret information about the local part of curves and embed that information inside them, but its really a great trouble in understanding the formulation. I referred to many books and they have started saying " Let $L(s,E)$ be the ...." in an assuming manner .

I just wanted to know , why should one consider $$\zeta_{C/\mathbb{F_q}}(u)=\exp \bigg(\ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{ | C(\mathbb{F_q})|}{nC(\mathbb{F_{q^n}})|}{n} u^{n} \bigg)$$ where $C$ is a projective curve with non-negative genus over finite field $\ \mathbb{F_q}$. Here are my pointers :

• I didn't understand about the reason behind introducing exponential function on the right side .

• I understood that there is some measure of points taking a ratio of the cardinality ( on R.H.S ) of the solutions, but why is the ratio needed ? I got this doubt when I looked at some other heuristic consideration $\prod\frac{N_p}{p}$ ( Where $N_p$ is the cardinality of solution set at some prime $p$ ) , why is the need to take the ratio ? Isn't it not sufficient to look at just $N_p$ ? We get the cardinality directly, why should we find the ratio again by dividing it with $p$ ?

Similarly , why is the formulation of local part of $L$-series ( Hasse Weil L-function ) appear as $L_p(T)=1-a_pT+pT^2$ when the curve has good reduction at $p$ ( here $a_p=p+1-N_p$ and has some other formulation like $L_p(T) = 1-T$ and $1+T$ when the curve has split multiplicative and non-split multiplicative reductions at $p$ respectively , and $L_p(T)=1$ when the curve has additive reduction at $p$.

How was the quadratic equation on R.H.S ( i.e $1-a_pT+pT^2$ ) formulated ? Was it a scaffolding to get some heuristic output later , or it has a specific meaning derived from something, or what ? Same with $1-T$ and $1+T$ .

Please do explain me , I am sorry my learned friends, if I have wasted your time, but every book I referred starts with Let, and I thought that its just a setting . If you want me to suggest some book that does the same task of explaining what I asked, you are welcome to suggest me .

Cordially,

Shanmukha Srinivasan.

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# Blueprint of L-functions and need for introducing them ( Hasse-Weil L-functions )

Dear All,

This question may appear elementary to all the experts in number theory , but forgive me. I really wanted to know how did the $L$-functions came into existence, especially the Hasse-Weil L-functions . Do they have some specific meaning in their formulation or they are just framed heuristically to build some thing else , as scaffolding .

I do know that Zeta functions and L-functions of the curve act as spies in collecting the secret information about the local part of curves and embed that information inside them, but its really a great trouble in understanding the formulation. I referred to many books and they have started saying " Let $L(s,E)$ be the ...." in an assuming manner .

I just wanted to know , why should one consider $$\zeta_{C/\mathbb{F_q}}(u)=\exp \bigg(\ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{ | C(\mathbb{F_q})|}{n} u^{n} \bigg)$$ where $C$ is a projective curve with non-negative genus over finite field $\ \mathbb{F_q}$. Here are my pointers :

• I didn't understand about the reason behind introducing exponential function on the right side .

• I understood that there is some measure of points taking a ratio of the cardinality ( on R.H.S ) of the solutions, but why is the ratio needed ? I got this doubt when I looked at some other heuristic consideration $\prod\frac{N_p}{p}$ ( Where $N_p$ is the cardinality of solution set at some prime $p$ ) , why is the need to take the ratio ? Isn't it not sufficient to look at just $N_p$ ? We get the cardinality directly, why should we find the ratio again by dividing it with $p$ ?

Similarly , why is the formulation of local part of $L$-series ( Hasse Weil L-function ) appear as $L_p(T)=1-a_pT+pT^2$ when the curve has good reduction at $p$ ( here $a_p=p+1-N_p$ and has some other formulation like $L_p(T) = 1-T$ and $1+T$ when the curve has split multiplicative and non-split multiplicative reductions at $p$ respectively , and $L_p(T)=1$ when the curve has additive reduction at $p$.

How was the quadratic equation on R.H.S ( i.e $1-a_pT+pT^2$ ) formulated ? Was it a scaffolding to get some heuristic output later , or it has a specific meaning derived from something, or what ? Same with $1-T$ and $1+T$ .

Please do explain me , I am sorry my learned friends, if I have wasted your time, but every book I referred starts with Let, and I thought that its just a setting . If you want me to suggest some book that does the same task of explaining what I asked, you are welcome to suggest me .

Cordially,

Shanmukha Srinivasan.