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You're asking about how special the prime numbers are as a subset of the integers. One can equally well ask how special the sequence $a_k = 1$ is when viewed as the sequence of coefficients of a Dirichlet series. I don't have anything to offer on your original question, but have read a few things about the latter question that may be of some interest:

  1. According to Section 8 of David Farmer's article titled Basic Analytic Number Theory, if $f(s) = \displaystyle \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \frac{a_k}{k^s}$ where the $a_k$ are integers, then a sufficient condition for $f(s)$ to admit a meromorphic continuation to $\Re{(s)} = 0$ is that:

    (1) $a_k$ is of subpolynomial growth

    (2) $a_k$ is multiplicative

    (3) If $p$ is prime then $a_{p^m}$ is independent of $m$

    and may or may not have a natural boundary there.

  2. According to section 9.5 of Titchmarsh's The Theory of the Riemann Zeta-function, if $a_k = 0$ when $k$ is composite and $k a_{k} = 1$ when $k$ is prime then $f(s)$ (provably) has a natural boundary at $\Re{(s)} = 0$

  3. I've also heard of results of the type "a Dirichlet series with $a_k$ chosen at random uniformly from $[-1, 1]$ has natural boundary $\Re{(s)} = 0$ with probability $1$," but don't know a precise statement or a reference.
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You're asking about how special the prime numbers are as a subset of the integers. One can equally well ask how special the sequence $a_k = 1$ is when viewed as the sequence of coefficients of a Dirichlet series. I don't have anything to offer on your original question, but have read a few things about the latter question that may be of some interest:

  1. According to Section 8 of David Farmer's article titled Basic Analytic Number Theory, if $f(s) = \displaystyle \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \frac{a_k}{k^s}$ where the $a_k$ are integers, then a sufficient condition for $f(s)$ to admit a meromorphic continuation to the plane $\Re{(s)} = 0$ is that:

    (1) $a_k$ is of subpolynomial growth

    (2) $a_k$ is multiplicative

    (3) If $p$ is prime then $a_{p^m}$ is independent of $m$

    and may or may not have a natural boundary there.

  2. According to section 9.5 of Titchmarsh's The Theory of the Riemann Zeta-function, if $a_k = 0$ when $k$ is composite and $k = 1$ when $k$ is prime then $f(s)$ (provably) has a natural boundary at $s \Re{(s)} = 0$

  3. I've also heard of results of the type "a Dirichlet series with $a_k$ chosen at random uniformly from $[-1, 1]$ has natural boundary $s \Re{(s)} = 0$ with probability $1$," but don't know a precise statement or a reference.
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You're asking about how special the prime numbers are as a subset of the integers. One can equally well ask how special the sequence $a_k = 1$ is when viewed as the sequence of coefficients of a Dirichlet series. I don't have anything to offer on your original question, but have read a few things about the latter question that may be of some interest:

  1. According to Section 8 of David Farmer's article titled Basic Analytic Number Theory, if $f(s) = \displaystyle \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \frac{a_k}{k^s}$ where the $a_k$ are integers, then a sufficient condition for $f(s)$ to admit a meromorphic continuation to the plane is that:

    (1) $a_k$ is of subpolynomial growth

    (2) $a_k$ is multiplicative

    (3) If $p$ is prime then $a_{p^m}$ is independent of $m$

  2. According to section 9.5 of Titchmarsh's The Theory of the Riemann Zeta-function, if $a_k = 0$ when $k$ is composite and $k = 1$ when $k$ is prime then $f(s)$ (provably) has a natural boundary at $s = 0$

  3. I've also heard of results of the type "a Dirichlet series with $a_k$ chosen at random uniformly from $[-1, 1]$ has natural boundary $s = 0$ with probability $1$," but don't know a precise statement or a reference.