One might argue whether the main character D-503 of Yevgeny Zamyatin's We counts as a mathematician. It is a classical dystopian novel, similar in spirit to Brave New World or Nineteen Eighty-Four (but older and arguably better). D-503 is rather an engineer than a mathematician in our sense, but in the novel's setting, due to the almost complete mechanization of human life, this is as close as one can get to being a mathematician. In any case, mathematical concepts play a decent rôle, in particular - as strange as this may sound - the purported challenge to imagination posed by imaginary numbers.
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