Here is my attempt at an answer. I believe a heuristic as to why the problem is should be undecidablein general and here is why.
Suppose we have a hypersurface $X$ of dimension $n$ and we wish to decide whether or not it is rational. I will assume that $n\geq2$. Then giving a rational map $\mathbb{P}^n \dashrightarrow X$ is the same as giving a $\mathbb{C}(t_1,\ldots,t_n)$-vauled point on $X$. However, "Hilbert's 10th problem" for such function fields is undecidable (see http://www.math.psu.edu/eisentra/varieties.pdf). Hence the problem you have asked for is undecidable.
Edit: As noted in the comments, this reasoning is not quite correct as for Hilbert's 10th problem we fix $m$ and a field $\mathbb{C}(t_1,\ldots,t_m)$, then allow the dimension $n$ to vary. Hence why it is only a heuristic!
Note that for Hilbert's 10th problem, the case $\mathbb{C}(t)$ is still open.
Edit: As remarked below, rationality for curves is decidable. One just needs to compute the genus of the normalisation of the projective closure of the curve.
