According to my calculations in sage, 13 of the 156 graphs on six vertices have simple Laplacian eigenvalues but repeated adjacency eigenvalues. The first of the 13 is a tree with adjacency matrix: $$ \left(\begin{array}{rrrrrr} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right) $$ There are no examples on less than six vertices.
Note that if $M$ is symmetric and $D$ is diagonal, there is essentially no relation between the eigenvalues of $M$ and the eigenvalues of $M+D$ and so it would be very surprising if there was a relation of the sort you asked for.
