# All Questions

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### When is a topological space the homotopy colimit of an open covering?

Suppose that $X$ is a topological space and $\left(U_i \to X\right)$ is an open cover. We can associate to it the Cech diagram of this cover $$C_U:\Delta^{op} \to Top.$$ I know that for many good ...
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### Unitary factor in polar decompositions

Let $A, B$ be $n$-square (Hermitian) positive definite matrices. Let $AB=U|AB|$ be the polar decomposition of $AB$. So $U$ is unitary (called the unitary factor of $AB$). What is the optimal constant ...
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### Estimating polynomial approximation error in high dimension

Let $x \in [-1, 1]^d \subset \mathbb{R}^d$ be a $d$-dimensional variable and assume that -- given $n$ -- I have a way of computing a polynomial $p_n(x)$ of degree $n$ that approximates a smooth ...
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### Simplest form for sum of Binomial Expressions

How difficult is the problem of reducing the number of terms in a sum of binomial expressions? Formally: Given $a_1, a_2, a_3, … a_n$, and $b_1, b_2, b_3, ... , b_n$, where $a_i, b_i \in \mathbb{Z}$, ...
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### Region of Convergence [on hold]

Using the Laplace transform, I got a frequency domain function, i.e 1/(s+1) + 1/(s+2), so my radius of convergence for the function on the right is Re{s} > -1 and for the left function it is Re{s} ...
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### An analytic characterization of eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix

[..the following is trying to understand a certain argument of Terence Tao in a lecture notes of his..] If $A$ is a Hermitian matrix with eigenvalues, eigenvectors $\{ \lambda_i , e_i \}_{i=1}^n$. ...
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### Probability of close approach for multivariate normal variables

The following problem comes from a physical model of two groups of particles in three dimensions. I need to know the probability that the two groups of particles approach each other within some ...
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### Koebe–Andreev–Thurston theorem - where can I find a proof?

Koebe–Andreev–Thurston theorem (known also as the circle packing theorem) says that any planar graph can be realized by a set of (interior-) disjoint disks corresponding to vertices, such that two ...
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### Series of swapping terms

Suppose $f(z)=a_0+a_1z+\cdots+a_nz^n+\cdots$ is defined in the unit disk, $\mathbb{D}$, and $\|f\|_{\infty}\leq 1.$ Lets form a series $f_k$ by interchanging $a_1$ and $a_k$ i.e. ...
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### Is ther a dense subset of parameter plane, which is not an interior?

In case of parameter plane of complex quadratic polynomial : is it possible to find part of parameter plane, scanned with given limited precision ( rasterised) where : every pixel contains part ...
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### why is $\frac {dy}{dx} dx = dy$? [migrated]

if $y$ is a function of $x$, why is $\frac {dy}{dx} dx = dy$? This has been bugging me. Why is it you can treat that as a fraction? I would like the traditional calculus view first if possible, then ...
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### Solutions for n such that the path number to the n-th node is also n in a complete, rooted, ordered k-ary tree

The path to find the $n$-th node within a complete, rooted, ordered $k$-ary tree can be represented by a number to the base $(k+1)$ that contains no zero digits. See A245905 in OEIS as an example for ...
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### Number of median graphs?

What is the number of $n$-vertex median graphs? These graphs generalize hypercubes and trees, and have many applications. It seems unlikely that a closed form expression is known, so I would also be ...
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### Lifting $SHFC$ to non singular foliations

In this question we would like to complexify the idea in the following post. We would like to lift a "singular holomorphic foliation by curves", briefly "SHFC", of $\mathbb{C}P^{2}$ to a ...
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### Integral of Weingarten Map / Shape Operator

This Paper states that the Weingarten Map / The Shape operator $W_p$ of a two-dimensional surface $S\subset\mathbb{R}^3$ at a point $p$ can be expressed in the following way: ...
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### Normal Variation on Manifolds

Let $M$ be a smooth surface and let $x,y \in M$. Let $d_{M}(\cdot, \cdot)$ be the geodesic distance metric on $M$, that is the length of the shortest geodesic curve on $M$. Let $\kappa$ be the maximum ...
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### A true-false exam has five questions. Andy is completely ignorant and so he tosses a fair coin to answer each question [on hold]

A true-false exam has five questions. Andy is completely ignorant and so he tosses a fair coin to decide his answer to each question. What is the probability that he scores at least four correct?
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### Powers of traces, integrals over spheres and class functions

I asked this on math.StackExchange a while back but got no answers. I hope I'll be forgiven for the double post. Let $V$ be a complex vector space of dimension $\operatorname{dim}_{\mathbb C} V = n$, ...
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### Identifying a cohomology class arising from a Postnikov decomposition of BU(2)

For various reasons I'm currently interested in Principal $U(n)$-bundles $U(n)\hookrightarrow E\xrightarrow{p} S^m\times X_g$ over the Cartesian product of an $m$-sphere and a closed oriented surface ...
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### Initial Value for an ODE Problem

I have the following ODE $\mathbf{A}\dfrac{d\vec{y}}{dt}+\mathbf{B}\vec{y}=\vec{x}$, where $\vec{y}$ and $\vec{x}$ are $n\times1$ vectors and are functions of $t$, and $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ ...
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### Asymptotic variance for partial sum of a stationary process

Let $X = (X_1, \dots, X_n, \dots)$ be a sequence of random variables. We assume that the process X is stationary i.e. for any integer $k$, any set of indices $i_1 < \dots < i_k$ and any integer ...
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### Flat manifolds and irreducible representations

Let $M$ be a compact Riemannian manifold with vanishing curvature of Levi-Civita connection. Such manifolds were classified by Bieberbach; sometimes they are called Bieberbach manifolds. According to ...
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### How large can you draw an island on a map?

A cartographer friend asked me this question: could you classify (shapes of) islands by how much space they occupy on a map (comparatively to how much space is occupied by water) if you draw them as ...
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### cohomology of a variation of wreath product

Let $C$ the space of points that looks like $(z_1,z_2,\ldots,z_n,z_{\sigma(1)},z_{\sigma(2)},\ldots,z_{\sigma(n)})$ with $z_i\in \mathbb{C}$ and $\sigma$ runs over all the permutations of $S_n$. Is ...
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### Problem regarding heat equation partial differential equation [on hold]

A metal bar of 100m long has ends x=0 and x=100 kept at zero degrees initially half of the bar is at 60 degrees while the other half is at 40 degrees. Assuming a thermal diffusivity of 0.16 egs units ...
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### Matrix equation

Let $A$ be $k\times n$ matrix i.e., $A=(a_{1},\ldots, a_{n})$ where $a_{j} \in \mathbb{R}^{k}$, $rank(A)=k$ and $1\leq k \leq n$. Let $q=(q_{1},\ldots, q_{n})\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$ be such that ...
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### Random Walk on the Natural Numbers [on hold]

Let's consider a random walk on the natural numbers (1,2,3...), where we always go from 1 to 2 and otherwise to the left with probability p, hence to the right with probability 1-p. I aim to find ...
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### Fermat's little theorem question [on hold]

I'm studying Number theory (in my spare time) and I need to prove a lemma in order to prove the exercise. The topic is Fermat's little theorem. Well the lemma goes like this: Let's say we have ...
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### Simplicial version of the A-infinity operad

I am looking for a description of the $A_\infty$ operad in the category of simplicial sets. More specifically, I am looking for a formulation of the loop space recognition principle for simplicial ...
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### A combinatorial and number theoretical problem [on hold]

Given N positive integers, not necessarily distinct, how many ways you can take 4 integers from the N numbers such that their GCD is 1. For example,N=10 and the positive integers are ...
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### Does any one know what this problem is called? [on hold]

We are given finite sets A and B and a set S⊆P(A). The members of S may have arbitrary intersections with one another and their union is not necessarily A. We wish to determine whether there is a ...
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### How to calculate a sequence in Maple [on hold]

Please how can I using Maple obtain the following sequence defined successively $$X_1=1,\quad X_k=\Big(\frac{1/k+\sum_{i+j=k}X_i X_j}{k^2}\Big)^{1/2}$$ here $i,j,k\in\mathbb {N}$ i wish to have ...
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### Diffusion Equation [on hold]

Kindly give me suggestions on my following assignment of Simulations in Fluid Flow: Solve the following differential equation for transport of f(x,y,z,t) by MS Excel ∂f/∂t+Ux ∂f/∂x+Uy ∂f/∂z+Uz ...
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### Find the vector component of vector u orthogonal to vector a [on hold]

I have vector u = (-2, 3, 1) and vector a = (-2, 2, 2). How do I find the vector component of u orthogonal to a? I've done the cross product and I get (-4,-2,-2), but I am assuming that this is also ...
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I came across this integration in my studies. $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}|F((w_\textbf{_} - \hat{w_\textbf{_}})\tau) |^2 . d\tau$ It uses the Faddeeva function which is $F(z) = e^{-z^2}erfc(-iz)$. I ...
Given $$\int_{\Delta}\frac{P_1(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n)}{P_2(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n)}$$ where $P_i$ is polynomial(that is $P_1(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n), P_2(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n)$ are polynomial) whose coefficients are ...
### A perfect $(n,k)$ shuffle function
Suppose you have a deck of $n$ cards; e.g., $n{=}12$: $$(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12) \;.$$ Cut the deck into $k$ equal-sized pieces, where $k|n$; e.g., for $k{=}4$, the $12$ cards are partitioned ...