# All Questions

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### Optimal lower bounds for the sum of digits in base $b$

Let $b \geq 2$ be an integer and let $s_b(n)$ be the sum of the digits of the base-$b$ representation of the nonnegative integer $n$ (e.g., $s_{10}(726)=7+2+6$). From the weak law of large numbers, it ...
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### Formula for Value of Games Without Saddle Points

I've read that the value of a game with payoff matrix [ a b ] [ c d ] that has no saddle points is (ad − bc)/(a + d − b − c). Does anyone know what the general ...
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### Bounds for Betti numbers

Why the graded Betti numbers of ideal $I \subset k[x_1 , \cdots , x_n]$, are bounded by the graded Betti numbers of $\mathrm{gin}(I)$? (Where $\mathrm{gin}(I)$, is the generic initial ideal of $I$ ...
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### Has the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra been proved using just fixed point theory?

Question: Is there already in the literature a proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra as a consequence of Brouwer's fixed point theorem? N.B. The original post contained superfluous ...
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### Measure concentration for law of large numbers

The classical law of large numbers states that $$\frac1k\sum_{i=1}^k X_i \rightarrow \mathbb{E} X_1$$ for i.i.d. $X_1, X_2, \ldots$ with finite $L^1$ norm. I was wondering whether is it possible to ...
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### The “Level N modular equation for delta” in characteristics 3, 5, 7 and 13

When $N > 1$, the modular forms $\Delta(z)$ and $\Delta(Nz)$ are algebraically independent over the complexes, and the same then is true of their expansions at infinity. But using the fact that the ...
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### Edge Covering Shortest path

I have a graph of Points G(V,E) and I want to find the shortest path covering all the edge, I want the minimum number of edge repetitions . Which is the best way to reduce this problem to well know ...
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### Literature on Exponential of a Quadratic Form

Let $A_i$, $i=1,\dots,L$ be given $N\times N$ positive definite real matrices. I have this sum of exponentials \begin{align} ...
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### The topology of the classifying space of U(n)

In $\textit{Atiyah and Bott: The Yang-Mills equations over riemann surfaces}$, there is a sentence about the topology of BU(n) (i.e. the classifying space of U(n)): Here $K(\mathbb{Z},n)$ means the ...
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### Determinant of sum of positive definite matrices

Say $A$ and $B$ are symmetric, positive definite matrices. I've proved that $\det(A+B) \ge \det(A) + \det(B)$ in the case that $A$ and $B$ are two dimensional. Is this true in general for ...
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### Method used in fmincon() of Matlab? [on hold]

We are using the Matlab optimization toolbox function fmincon() to solve a constrained minimization with only equality constraints. We wish to find out which particular constrained optimization method ...
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### Bounds on the derivative of a Riemann map

Let U be a simply connected domain with smooth boundary in the complex plane, and let $\mathbb D$ be the unit disc. Is there a nice sufficient condition for the existence of a biholomorphic map ...
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### Is there a general notion of semigroup action?

The analogous result to Cayley’s theorem or Yoneda lemma in semigroup theory represents semigroups as semigroups of functions from a set to itself. This suggests that a semigroup action consists of a ...
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### Three old questions on the Sacks forcing

I came across the two following Qs in 1970. Find reals $a,b$ such that $a$ is Sacks over $L[b]$ and vice versa $b$ is Sacks over $L[a]$. Note that a Sacks $\times$ Sacks generic pair definitely does ...
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### Aspheric functors and Grothendieck fibrations

Following Grothendieck, let us say that a category is aspheric if its nerve is weakly contractible and a functor $u : \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{B}$ is aspheric if for every object $b$ in $\mathcal{B}$, ...
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### Who know about Rumek proof [on hold]

Rumek has actually shown that the usual ZFC axioms for mathematics are in fact inconsistent. For example, ​Rumek has been able to prove from the ZFC axioms that both 2+2 = 4 and 2+2 = 5. ...
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### What arrangement of unit cubes minimizes surface area?

For each of these two questions, one can assume that the arrangements are polycubes (for which a definition can be found in the excerpt-image below). Question A. How does one arrange $n$ unit cubes ...
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### Is the sequence of Apéry numbers a Stieltjes moment sequence?

Consider the sequence of Apéry numbers $$A_n = \sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k}\binom{n+k}{k}\sum_{j=0}^k \binom{k}{j}^3 = \sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k}^2\binom{n+k}{k}^2 .$$ In an email, physicist Alan Sokal ...
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### Categories with binary relations as objects

For the category of functions, pairs of functions making commutative diagrams are the canonical morphisms $\alpha:f\rightarrow g$. For binary relations there is an alternative, to consider the ...
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### Are Anderson $T$-motives motives for the function field analogy?

this question is related to this one Geometry for Anderson's motives?, though the previous one doesn't answer exactly my question. Let $\mathbb{C}_{\infty}$ be the function field analog of ...
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### Top specialized journals

In geometry/topology, there are (at least) three specialized journals that end up publishing a large fraction of the best papers in the subject -- Geometry and Topology, JDG, and GAFA. What journals ...
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### On the positivity of matrices

For given $n$, the following $n\times n$ real matrix $M=M^{T}$ is called positive, if $x^{T}M x\geq 0$ holds for all non-negative real $x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_n$, where $x=(x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_n)^T$. ...
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### Elements of finite order of $\mathrm{PGL}(n,\mathbb{Q})$

For some research work, I need to know the classification of elements of finite order of $\mathrm{PGL}(n,\mathbb{Q})$, up to conjugation. Since I essentially need $n\le 4$, I think that I can show it ...
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### What is an integrable system

What is an integrable system, and what is the significance of such systems? (Maybe it is easier to explain what a non-integrable system is.) In particular, is there a dichotomy between "integrable" ...
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### Are all complex zeros of $Li_s(i)\, + \, Li_{1-\overline{s}}\,(-i)$ equal to the $\rho$'s?

Take the well known square relationship for polylogarithms: $$Li_s(z)\, + \, Li_{s}(-z)=2^{1-s}Li_s(z^2)$$ Assume $z=i$: $$Li_s(i)\, + \, Li_{s}(-i)=2^{1-s}Li_s(-1)=-2^{1-s}\,\eta(s)$$ with ...
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### Forcing, cuts, and Dedekind-finite cardinalities

Tl;dr version: there are two natural classes of cuts in the nonstandard model of arithmetic consisting of the Dedekind-finite sets (if, in fact, they constitute such a model); both these classes are ...
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### Calculus question on limts [on hold]

Can't solve this algebraically. Answer would be greatly appreciated. Thanks. lim x->0 ( ( (sin^2 x)(1-cos x) ) / 2x^4 )
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### Tight prime bounds

This is a cross-post of this question on MSE. I would not usually do this, but have decided to in this case since it has had no responses having been posted as a bounty question. I did not delete the ...
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### Difference between straight and piecewise linear and continuous embeddings of graphs / complexes in d-dimensional space?

Here is my main question: what is the difference between "straight" and "piecewise linear" and "continuous" embeddings of graphs/complexes in d-dimensional space? Moreover I would like to know if any ...
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### Examples of continuous differential equations with no solution

Several theorems regarding differential equations are true not only in finite dimension but also in infinite dimension Banach spaces. This is in particular the case for the Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem. ...
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### Trapping a particle

A particle starts a brownian walk in the middle of a long tunnel in the plane, at one end of the tunnel is a region Y of given area A. Does the shape of region Y affect average time for the particle ...
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### Free groups and varietal product [on hold]

I will be so thankful if some one help me. My knowledge in free group is not deep. Suppose $S$ is the variety of p-groups of class at most 2 and exponent p. Question one) For any $n$, is there a ...
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### $RUCar^{V}$-semiproperness implies properness

This is a claim in Shelah's Proper and Improper Forcing, more specifically Claim 2.3(1) of Chapter X (p. 484). The proof of the claim is "Easy" but I cannot quite figure it out. There must be some ...
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### A question on certain elliptic PDE

Consider the elliptic PDE "CR" $$\begin{cases} U_{xx}=V_{yy}\\U_{yy}=-V_{xx} \end{cases}$$ And its consequence "LAP" $$U_{xxxx}+U_{yyyy}=0$$. Somehow, these equations are similar to the Cauchi ...
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### Internal categories in an endofunctor category

Here we see the definition of an internal category in a monoidal category. We also know that endofunctor categories support a monoidal product which is actually functor composition. It is the case ...
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### Matrices whose entries are essentially traces of products of unitary matrices.

A $n\times n$ matrix $A=[a_{ij}]$ is called "good", if there exists some $k$ and a set of $k\times k$ complex unitaries $U_i$, $1\leq i\leq n$ , such that $tr(U_i^{+}U_j)=ka_{ij}$, where $U^{+}$ ...
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### Reference request: Book of topology from “Topos” point of view

Question: Is there any book of topology in the modern language of topos theory? I refer to the (systematic, formalist) study of the category of sheaves on a site or the study of topology in a ...
Given a closed, oriented surface $\Sigma$ of genus greater than 1, let $Mod(\Sigma)$ denote the mapping class group of orientation preserving diffeomorphisms of $\Sigma$ up to isotopy. Given any ...