# All Questions

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### I've read on the internet that 43 is congruent to 8 modulo 5+3w, can you explain? [on hold]

Initially, I wanted to determine whether 19 is a cube modulo 43. Reading online, I've come across this computation that includes a step that I don't understand. The step in question states that (43 ...
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### Does $E_8$ know $Spin(7)$?

One way to define the compact group $Spin(7)$ is as the stabilizer of a certain 4-form on Euclidean $\mathbb R^8$ (see e.g. this MO question). This 4-form can be defined in various ways. For ...
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### natural weak factorization systems

I am trying to understand the definition of natural weak factorization systems from this article by Tholen and Grandis, and these notes by Emily Riehl. In Riehl's notes, the splitting $s,t$ are of ...
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### Undergraduate ODE textbook following Rota

I imagine many people are familiar with the extremely entertaining article "Ten Lessons I Wish I Had Learned Before I Started Teaching Differential Equations" by Gian-Carlo Rota. (If you're not, do ...
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### A paper by Y. Morita

The corresponding bibliographical details are: Yoshihito Morita, Elementary proofs of the commutativity of rings satisfying $x^{n}=x$. Mem. Defense Acad. 18 (1978), no. 1, 1–24. Does anybody here ...
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### Conserved quantities for the Cauchy momentum equation

I apologize if this question is too elementary for mathoverflow; I asked it (unsuccessfully) on MATH.SE first. As a bit of background: one way to study the mechanics of deformation of a continuous ...
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### Proofs without words

Can you give examples of proofs without words? In particular, can you give examples of proofs without words for non-trivial results? (One could ask if this is of interest to mathematicians, and I ...
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### Applications of the Central Limit Theorem in dynamical systems

There are very many papers in the area of (possibly non-uniformly) hyperbolic dynamical systems whose aim is to prove the Central Limit Theorem. In a dynamical context, this means that one: has a ...
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### What is the precise relationship between o-minimal theory and Grothendieck's “Esquisse d'un programme”?

I have seen various references in the literature to such a connection but they tend to assume that the reader is familiar with the connection, and limit themselves to providing additional detail. So ...
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### Elliptic regularity and inhomogeneous Neumann boundary condition

Consider a harmonic function $u$ defined on $D : = \{ (x, y) \in \mathbb{R}^2 | (x, y) \in \overline{B(0, 2)}, y \geq 0\}$, that is, the closed upper half ball centered at $0$ and radius $2$. Let $u$ ...
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### Ways to prove the fundamental theorem of algebra

This seems to be a favorite question everywhere, including Princeton quals. How many ways are there? Please give a new way in each answer, and if possible give reference. I start by giving two: ...
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### weak-* versus entropy growth

General question. Let $\eta_{n}$ be a sequence of invariant measures on $\{0,1,2,...,p-1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$ and $B$ the Bernoulli uniform measure. Knowing that $\eta_{n} \rightarrow B$ in the weak-* ...
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### Are there examples of non-orientable manifolds in nature?

Whilst browsing through Marcel Berger's book "A Panoramic View of Riemannian Geometry" and thinking about the Klein bottle, I came across the sentence: "The unorientable surfaces are never discussed ...
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### Checkmate in $\omega$ moves?

Is there a chess position with a finite number of pieces on the infinite chess board $\mathbb{Z}^2$ such that White to move has a forced win, but Black can stave off mate for at least $n$ moves for ...
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### The category of elements, enrichment, and weighted limits

This is a crosspost of this MSE question. Every so often, when reading notes online or skimming through books, the category of elements and the Grothendieck construction pop up. I don't know ...
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### Geometric / physical / probabilistic interpretations of Riemann zeta(n>1)?

What are some physical, geometric, or probabilistic interpretations of the values of the Riemann zeta function at the positive integers greater than one? I've found some examples: 1) In MO-Q111339 ...
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### Comparing norms on tensor products of matrices

Given a Hilbert space $H$, let $S_1(H)$ denote the space of trace-class operators on $H$, with the trace-class norm or Schatten 1-norm. That is $$\Vert T \Vert_1 = \sum_{j\geq 1} |s_j|$$ where ...
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### How do you define the strict infinity groupoids in Homotopy Type Theory?

In the setting of Homotopy Type Theory, how would you construct $\mathrm{isStrict} : U \rightarrow U$ which is inhabited exactly when the first type is (equivalent to?) a strict $\infty$-groupoid? ...
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### Metrization of weak convergence of signed measures

Edit: Changed from "Hausdorff" to "metric" spaces. Let $\mathcal{M}(\Omega)$ denote the space of signed regular Borel measures on a compact metric space $\Omega$. By Riesz-Markov, this is the dual ...
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### How do we recognize an integer inside the rationals?

My question is fairly simple, and may at first glance seem a bit silly, but stick with me. If we are given the rationals, and we pick an element, how do we recognize whether or not what we picked is ...
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### Theories of Noncommutative Geometry

[I have rewritten this post in a way which I hope will remain faithful to the questioner and make it seem more acceptable to the community. I have also voted to reopen it. -- PLC] There are many ...
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### Is there the Whitehead theorem for cohomology theory?

We know that there are Whitehead theorem for homotopy and homology theory. Is there the Whitehead theorem for cohomology theory for 1-connected CW complexes?
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### Relation between Harmonic vector field and Harmonic 1-form

Definition 1: A unit vector field $X$ side to be harmonic if it is critical point for the following energy function $$E(X)=\int_M\|dX\|dvol_g=\frac{m}{2}vol(M,g)+\int_M\|\nabla X\|^2dvol_g.$$ ...
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### Definable curves in definable sets

Suppose that I have an unbounded subset $X \subset \mathbb{R}^n$, definable in the $o$-minimal structure $\mathbb{R}_{an, exp}$. Is it possible to find an unbounded, analytic and definable curve (i.e. ...
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### Upper bound on the norm of the inverse of matrices with zero limit

Posted here too, with no answer yet: http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1766281/upper-bound-on-the-norm-of-the-inverse-of-matrices-with-zero-limit Let $\{L(\sigma)\}_{\sigma}$ be a family of ...
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### Intuition for density comonad in relation to lifting problems

In Emily Riehl's Categorical Homotopy Theory, there is a section on Garner's Small Object Argument which I'm trying and failing to understand. Originally I followed most of Garner's paper, using the ...
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### List is a monad, but is it a comonad with these natural transformations?

List is known to be a monad. It takes a set and maps it to lists of elements of that set. The natural transformations are, singleton and flatten, whereby we map a set to a set of singleton lists ...
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### “Identity tensor transpose” as a map $M_n \hat{\otimes} M_n \to M_n \overline{\otimes} M_n$

Equipping $M_n$ with its usual operator space structure, $\newcommand{\ptp}{\widehat{\otimes}}$ we can form the projective tensor product of operator spaces $M_n\ptp M_n$. In particular this puts a ...
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### Can a weak fibration category be non saturated?

A weak fibration category is a category $\mathcal{C}$ equipped with two subcategories $$\mathcal{F}, \mathcal{W} \subseteq \mathcal{C}$$ containing all the isomorphisms, such that the following ...
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### A long-lasting conjecture of Pólya & Szegő

There is a conjecture by Pólya & Szegő (~1950) which is as follows: "Of all $n$-gons of a fixed area, the regular $n$-gon minimizes the first Dirichlet eigenvalue." Surprisingly, this is still ...
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### Generalizing the Mazur-Ulam theorem to convex sets with empty interior in Banach spaces

The Mazur-Ulam theorem (1932) states that any isometry of a normed linear space is affine. See Nica (Expo. Math. 30 (2012), 397-398; arXiv:1306.2380) for a very elegant proof. Question: Let $M$ be a ...
I am seeking references to places where operads and their algebras have been studied for the stable module category. Colored operads are fine too. Let $k$ be a field and $R$ a $k$-algebra. The stable ...
### The Simultaneous Conjugacy Problem in the symmetric group $S_N$
We are interested in the following notions in the case $G=S_N$, the symmetric group on $\{1,\dots,N\}$. Fix a group $G$ and a number $d$. For $(g_1,\dots,g_d)\in G^d$ and $x\in G$, define ...