Questions tagged [riemann-zeta-function]

The Riemann zeta function is the function of one complex variable $s$ defined by the series $\zeta(s) = \sum_{n \geq 1} \frac{1}{n^s}$ when $\operatorname{Re}(s)>1$. It admits a meromorphic continuation to $\mathbb{C}$ with only a simple pole at $1$. This function satisfies a functional equation relating the values at $s$ and $1-s$. This is the most simple example of an $L$-function and a central object of number theory.

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Riemann zeta function at positive integers and an Appell sequence of polynomials related to fractional calculus

I was exploring some raising and lowering operators related to an infinitesimal generator for fractional integro-derivatives and found an Appell sequence of polynomials, i.e., an infinite sequence of ...
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Is it possible to show that $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\mu(n)}{\sqrt{n}}$ diverges?

Let $\mu(n)$ denote the Mobius function with the well-known Dirichlet series representation $$ \frac{1}{\zeta(s)} = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\mu(n)}{n^{s}}. $$ Basic theorems about Dirichlet series ...
Jeremy Rouse's user avatar
26 votes
5 answers
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Are the 'semi' trivial zeros of $\zeta(s) \pm \zeta(1-s)$ all on the critical line?

The proof that $\Gamma(z)\pm \Gamma(1-z)$ only has zeros for $z \in \mathbb{R}$ or $z= \frac12 +i \mathbb{R}$ has been given here: Are all zeros of $\Gamma(s) \pm \Gamma(1-s)$ on a line with real ...
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29 votes
4 answers
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Good uses of Siegel zeros?

The short version of my question goes: What is known to follow from the existence of Siegel zeros? A longer version to give an idea of what I have in mind: The "exceptional zeros" of course first ...
Kálmán Kőszegi's user avatar
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A closed form for an integral expressed as a finite series of $\zeta(2k+1)$, $\pi^m$ and a rational?

In this paper the following beautiful integral expression for $\zeta(3)$ is derived: $$\zeta(3)=\frac{1}{7}\,\int_0^{\pi} x\,(\pi-x)\csc(x)\, dx$$ In a comment at the end of this question, I ...
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16 answers
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Geometric / physical / probabilistic interpretations of Riemann zeta($n>1$)?

What are some physical, geometric, or probabilistic interpretations of the values of the Riemann zeta function at the positive integers greater than one? I've found some examples: 1) In MO-Q111339 ...
34 votes
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Representations of $\zeta(3)$ as continued fractions involving cubic polynomials

$\zeta(3)$ has at least two well-known representations of the form $$\zeta(3)=\cfrac{k}{p(1) - \cfrac{1^6}{p(2)- \cfrac{2^6}{ p(3)- \cfrac{3^6}{p(4)-\ddots } }}},$$ where $k\in\mathbb Q$ and $p$ is a ...
Wolfgang's user avatar
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What is known about sums of the form $\sum_{n=2}^{\infty}[\zeta(n)-1]^{p} $?

A fair bit is known about rational zeta series. This includes identities like $$ \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} [\zeta(n) -1] = 1 . $$ Many more identities can be found in articles by e.g. Borwein and Adamchik &...
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About a Ramanujan-Sato formula of level 10, a recurrence, and $\zeta(5)$?

I. Level 6 This is a long shot, but I am curious where it leads. Given the Dedekind eta function $\eta(\tau),$ define, $$\begin{aligned} j_{6A}(\tau) &= \Big(\sqrt{j_{6B}(\tau)} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{...
Tito Piezas III's user avatar
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Is there a closed form for $\int_0^\infty\frac{\tanh^3(x)}{x^2}dx$?

For $n\geqslant m>1$, the integral $$I_{n,m}:=\int\limits_0^\infty\dfrac{\tanh^n(x)}{x^m}dx$$ converges. If $m$ and $n$ are both even or both odd, we can use the residue theorem to easily evaluate ...
Wolfgang's user avatar
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The Riemann zeros and the heat equation

The Riemann xi function $\Xi(x)$ is defined, with $s=1/2+ix$, as $$ \Xi(x)=\frac12 s(s-1)\pi^{-s/2}\Gamma(s/2)\zeta(s)=2\int_0^\infty \Phi(u)\cos(ux) \, du, $$ where $\Phi(u)$ is defined as $$ 2\sum_{...
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Are these two new ways of representing odd zeta values as integrals known?

This is inspired by the same beautiful integral expression for $\zeta(3)$ as this question, but goes in a slightly different direction. Writing the original integral in the form $$\int_0^1\frac{x(1-x)}...
Wolfgang's user avatar
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How good is "almost all" when it comes to the Riemann Hypothesis?

Let $N(T)$ be the number of zeroes of the Riemann zeta function $\zeta$ having imaginary part strictly between $0$ and $T$, and let $N_0(T)$ be the number of those zeroes that also have real part ...
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More mysteries about the zeros of the Riemann zeta function

Update on 12/26/2020: I added the Appendix at the bottom: simplified formula for $|\zeta(s)|^2$, when $\frac{1}{2}<\Re(s)<1$. Update on 1/5/2020: I added the section "more interesting ...
Vincent Granville's user avatar
17 votes
3 answers
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Does this infinite sum provide a new analytic continuation for $\zeta(s)$?

It is well known that the infinite sum: $$\displaystyle \zeta(s) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^s}$$ only converges for $\Re(s)>1$. The Dirichlet 'alternating' sum: $$\displaystyle \zeta(s) = \...
Agno's user avatar
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8 votes
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$L_2$ bounds for tails of $\zeta(s)$ on a vertical line

Let $0<\sigma\leq 1$. Let $T$ be large. How can we give good explicit $L^2$ bounds on the tails of $\zeta(\sigma+it)$? That is, we want to bound the quantity $$\int_{\sigma-i\infty}^{\sigma-iT} + \...
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Deriving the functional equation for $\zeta(s)$ from summing the powers of the zeros required to count the integers

When counting the number of integers $n(x)$ below a certain non-integer number $x$, the following series could be used: $$n(x) = x-\frac12 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left(\frac{e^{x \mu_n}} {\mu_n}+\frac{...
Agno's user avatar
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50 votes
5 answers
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Motivated account of the prime number theorem and related topics

Though my own research interests (described below) are pretty far from analytic number theory, I have always wanted to understand the prime number theorem and related topics. In particular, I often ...
Sarah's user avatar
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49 votes
4 answers
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If the Riemann Hypothesis fails, must it fail infinitely often?

That is must there either be no non-trivial zeros off the critical line or infinitely many? I'm sure that no one believes otherwise, but I've never seen a theorem in the literature addressing this. ...
David Feldman's user avatar
41 votes
6 answers
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"Long-standing conjectures in analysis ... often turn out to be false"

The title is a quote from a Jim Holt article entitled, "The Riemann zeta conjecture and the laughter of the primes" (p. 47).1 His example of a "long-standing conjecture" is the Riemann hypothesis,...
34 votes
7 answers
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Explicit formula for Riemann zeros counting function

I've often seen it stated (in vague terms) that there's a Fourier duality between the set of prime numbers and the set of nontrivial Riemann zeta zeros. Because there are various explicit formulae ...
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29 votes
3 answers
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$\zeta(n)$ as a mixed Tate motive

I am trying to understand why there exists, for each $n \geq 2$, a mixed Tate motive $M$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ such that $M \in Ext^1_{MT(\mathbb{Q})}(\mathbb{Q}(0), \mathbb{Q}(n))$ and $\zeta(n)$, ...
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20 votes
3 answers
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Jensen Polynomials for the Riemann Zeta Function

In the paper by Griffin, Ono, Rolen and Zagier which appeared on the arXiv today, (Update: published now in PNAS) the abstract includes In the case of the Riemann zeta function, this proves the ...
Stopple's user avatar
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15 votes
5 answers
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Zeros of the derivative of Riemann's $\xi$-function

The Riemann xi function $\xi(s)$ is defined as $$ \xi(s)=\frac12 s(s-1)\pi^{-s/2}\Gamma(s/2)\zeta(s). $$ It is an entire function whose zeros are precisely those of $\zeta(s)$. Since $\xi$ is real ...
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14 votes
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What is the analytic continuation of $\varphi(s)=\sum_{n \ge 1} e^{-n^s}?$

My research has lead me to the following function that I'm trying to continue. 3 Months ago I posted this question to MSE, and have placed 3 bounties on the question, but haven't received an answer, ...
geocalc33's user avatar
14 votes
1 answer
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The Riemann's Zeta Function represented as a continued fraction and a question of convergence

The Riemann zeta function can be expressed as a continued fraction as follows \begin{align*} \zeta(z)=\newcommand{\bigk}{\mathop{\Huge\vcenter{\hbox{K}}}}\left(1-\bigk_{k=1}^{\infty }\frac{-e^{-2\cdot ...
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9 votes
5 answers
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Riemann–Von Mangoldt formula

Let $$N(T) = \#\{\rho \in \mathbb{C}: \zeta(\rho) = 0,\, \operatorname{Im} \rho \in (0,T]\}$$ denote the number of zeros of $\zeta(s)$, counting multiplicities, with imaginary part lying in the ...
Jesse Elliott's user avatar
8 votes
2 answers
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A recurrence relation for $\zeta(2n)$ - reference request

In the textbook https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783034851688 (Klassische elementare Analysis, by M. Koecher) the following elegant recurrence relation is proved for $\zeta(2n)$ (on p. 157): $$\left(...
Zurab Silagadze's user avatar
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1 answer
700 views

Are all complex zeros of $\zeta(s) \pm \zeta(-s)$ on the line with $\Re(s)=0$?

My conjecture is that all zeros in the strip $-1 \le \Re(s) \le 1$ of $\zeta(s) \pm \zeta(-s)$ are on the line $\Re(s)=0$. I did find three complex zeros for $\pm =+$ (i.e. 12 in total) and two ...
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How comes vanishing of the real part of function involving zeta is very well approximated by algebraic curve?

In this question Agno asked about the zeros of $\zeta\left(\frac{s}{a}\right) \pm \zeta\left(\frac{1-s}{a}\right)$. I fixed $a=2$ and the minus sign and defined: $$ f(s)=\Re \left( \zeta\left(\frac{...
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6 votes
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Is there a connection between the closed forms of these two infinite products?

Take the following two infinite products that have closed forms. Assume: $\gamma_n > 0 \in \mathbb{R};s,a,x \in \mathbb{C}; x \ne 0,a \pm ix\gamma_n \ne 0$ The first product: $$\displaystyle H_{...
Agno's user avatar
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6 votes
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Are these continued fractions for the "tails" of $\zeta(3)$ and of the Catalan constant known?

For polynomials $a=a(x)$ and $b=b(x)$, define the continued fraction $$f(a,b):=a(1)+ \lower 2pt\overset{\infty }{\underset{n=1}{\mathbb{\LARGE K}}}~\dfrac{b(n)}{a(n+1)}=a(1)+\cfrac{b(1)}{a(2) + \cfrac{...
Wolfgang's user avatar
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5 votes
0 answers
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Zeta function double product

Is it possible to write the following double product in terms of the zeta function? \begin{align} &\prod_{i=1}^{\infty}\prod_{j=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{1-(p_i\ p_j)^{-s}} \end{align} Extending the ...
martin's user avatar
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4 votes
1 answer
508 views

Derivatives of Riemann $\xi$ and traces of zeros

Looking for references essentially corroborating (to authoritatively satisfy some editors) the sketch below of the relationship between even power (2,4,...) sums (traces) of the imaginary part of the ...
Tom Copeland's user avatar
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3 votes
2 answers
550 views

lower bound for $\Re\zeta(1+it)$

Hi is there any lower bound for $\Re\zeta(1+it)$. I did try with computer until some ordinate and I saw $\Re\zeta(1+it)>0$. If it is true, is there any reference to prove it. thanks
asd's user avatar
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Are the complex zeros of $\zeta\left(\frac{s}{a}\right) \pm \zeta\left(\frac{1-s}{a}\right)$ all on the critical line for $a \lt 0, a \ge 1$?

With $s \in \mathbb{C}, a \in \mathbb{R}$, numerical evidence strongly suggests that the complex zeros in the critical strip of: $$\zeta\left(\frac{s}{a}\right) \pm \zeta\left(\frac{1-s}{a}\right)$$...
Agno's user avatar
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2 votes
1 answer
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Riemann-Von Mangoldt formula, revised question

This is my last question, building off of Riemann-Von Mangoldt formula and Does $\frac{1}{\pi}\operatorname{Arg} \zeta(1/2+2\pi i t)$ have mean value $0$?. I apologize for taking a while to ...
Jesse Elliott's user avatar
2 votes
1 answer
327 views

$L_2$ bounds for $\zeta(1/2 + it)$ and a related integral

Denote by $\zeta$ the Riemann zeta function. I just learnt from this question $L_2$ bounds for tails of $\zeta(s)$ on a vertical line that $\int_{T}^{\infty} \frac{\zeta(1/2 + it)}{1/4 + t^2}\mathrm{...
acc10's user avatar
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1 answer
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Are the zeros of the sum/difference of these integrals all on the critical line?

The answers given to the question whether all zeros in the critical strip of $\zeta(s)\pm\zeta(1-s)$ lie on the critical line, suggest that this can indeed be proven, however only for those zeros ...
Agno's user avatar
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0 votes
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Questions on analytic representations of the Kronecker delta function $\delta(x-1)$ and the Moebius function $\mu(n)$

This question is related to analytic formulas for $a(n)$ where $f_a(x)$ and $F_a(s)$ defined in formulas (1) and (2) below are the summatory function and Dirichlet series associated with $a(n)$. $$...
Steven Clark's user avatar
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94 votes
6 answers
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Quasicrystals and the Riemann Hypothesis

Let $0 < k_1 < k_2 < k_3 < \cdots $ be all the zeros of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line: $$ \zeta(\frac{1}{2} + i k_j) = 0 $$ Let $f$ be the Fourier transform of the sum ...
John Baez's user avatar
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43 votes
4 answers
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Why is so much work done on numerical verification of the Riemann Hypothesis?

I have noticed that there is a huge amount of work which has been done on numerically verifying the Riemann hypothesis for larger and larger non-trivial zeroes. I don't mean to ask a stupid question, ...
Hollis Williams's user avatar
43 votes
3 answers
3k views

Is this integral representation of $\zeta(2n+1)$ known?

Background: I'm an undergraduate at an institution with no researchers in analytic number theory, and no ties to the analytic number theory community. I believe I have found what is, as far as I can ...
Andrew Knapp's user avatar
36 votes
3 answers
5k views

$\prod_{n=1}^{\infty} n^{\mu(n)}=\frac{1}{4 \pi ^2}$

When I tested this in Mathematica, I had expected it to say it did not converge. However, I got this: $$\prod_{n=1}^\infty n^{\mu(n)}=\frac{1}{4 \pi ^2}$$ Note: this is the reciprocal of (3) zeta-...
Fred Daniel Kline's user avatar
33 votes
7 answers
5k views

Heuristic argument for the Riemann Hypothesis

Is there a heuristic argument that supports the validity of the Riemann hypothesis or are we just relying on numerical evidence? Moreover, what is the strongest theorem that supports the validity of ...
Mustafa Said's user avatar
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32 votes
2 answers
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Does the equation $1 + 2 + 3 + \dots = -\frac{1}{12}$ have a natural $p$-adic interpretation?

Consider the equation $$1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \cdots = - \frac{1}{12},$$ "proved" by Ramanujan Euler. One correct way to interpret this is that $\zeta(-1) = - \frac{1}{12},$ where $\zeta(s) = \sum_{n = 1}^{\...
Frank Thorne's user avatar
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27 votes
4 answers
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Has Apéry's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta(3)$ ever been used to prove the irrationality of other constants?

Apéry's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta(3)$ astounded contemporary mathematicians for its wealth of new ideas and techniques in proving the irrationality of a known constant. It is often the case ...
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23 votes
1 answer
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On an asymptotic formula of Keating and Snaith involving the Riemann zeta function

Keating and Snaith have a famous conjecture on the asymptotics of the integral $\int_0^T |\zeta(\frac 12+it)|^{2k}\, dt$, where $\zeta$ denotes the Riemann zeta function. See page 510 of the book ...
Richard Stanley's user avatar
21 votes
1 answer
680 views

On a pattern for upside-down Ramanujan pi formulas

Define, $$\lambda_n =\frac{(\tfrac12)_n}{(1)_n} =\frac{(\tfrac12)_n}{n!} =\frac{\tbinom{2n}{n}}{2^{2n}} =\binom{n-\tfrac12}{n}$$ with Pochhammer symbol $(x)_n$ and binomial $\tbinom{n}{k}$. I noticed ...
Tito Piezas III's user avatar
19 votes
3 answers
6k views

Are the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta simple?

A few years ago, I found on arXiv an article in which the authors (I think they were at least two to write it) claimed to have proven that the non trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function were all ...
Sylvain JULIEN's user avatar