Questions tagged [real-analysis]
Real-valued functions of real variable, analytic properties of functions and sequences, limits, continuity, smoothness of these.
5,295
questions
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Smoothness of the asymptotic parametrization of a ruled surface
Let $S$ be a smooth developable surface in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$. It is well known that, if $S$ is free of planar points, then it admits a local parametrization of the form
$$\begin{align}
\sigma \colon I \...
3
votes
0
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81
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A weighted $W^{2,p}$ estimates
Let $\Omega$ be a bounded smooth domain and $u\in W^{2,p}(\Omega)\cap H^1_0(\Omega)$. By the classical $L^p$ theory of second order elliptic equation, we have
$$
\|\nabla^2u\|_{L^p(\Omega)}\leq C\|\...
6
votes
1
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548
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Monotonicity of eigenvalues
We consider block matrices
$$\mathcal A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & A\\A^* & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ and
$$\mathcal B = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & B\\C & 0 \end{pmatrix}.$$
Then we define the new matrix
$...
3
votes
1
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142
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Is it a named result (or consequence thereof) that decreasing functions integrable against $e^{kx}$ decay faster than $e^{-kx}$?
Apologies if this question is too basic for MO.
I think it should be the case that
for any decreasing $f \colon [A,\infty) \to [0,\infty)$ and $k \geq 0$, if $\int_A^\infty f(x) e^{kx} \, dx < \...
3
votes
1
answer
279
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Pointwise Hölder continuity of order $1-\varepsilon$
For $\varepsilon > 0$, we say a function $f: \mathbb R^n \to \mathbb R^m$ is (pointwise) $(1 - \varepsilon)$-Hölder continuous at $x \in \mathbb R^n$ if
$$ \lim_{ y \to 0} \frac{f(x + y) - f(x)}{\...
7
votes
0
answers
237
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Sard's theorem for superharmonic functions: less regularity required?
A function $f:\mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{R}$ must be at least $C^d$ in order to guarantee in general that
$$\{\phi\in \mathbb{R}|\,\exists x\in \mathbb{R}^d:\,f(x)=\phi,\,(\nabla f)(x)=0\}$$
is a zero-...
3
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1
answer
135
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On an asymptotic integral
Let $\phi, a \in C^{\infty}([0,1])$ and assume $a(0)=1$. Suppose that
$$
\int_0^1 e^{\tau \,\phi(t)}\,a(t)\,dt =0 \qquad \text{for all $\tau \in \mathbb R$}.
$$
Does it follow that $\phi$ is a ...
0
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0
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59
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Is $g = \sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} f(\cdot - n)$ continuous if $f$ is vanishing, continuous, and integrable?
Let $f \in \mathcal{C}_0(\mathbb{R}) \cap L^1(\mathbb{R})$ be a continuous and integrable function such that $f(x) \rightarrow 0$ when $|x|\rightarrow \infty$.
The sequence of a functions $f_N = \sum_{...
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1
answer
117
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Lebesgue Hausdorff Banach theorem for Baire class $1$ functions on $\mathbb{R}^\omega$
A theorem by Lebesgue, Hausdorff and Banach says the following (Kechris' Classical Descriptive Set Theory, p. 192):
Let $X$ be a separable metrizable space and $f: X \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a $\...
2
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0
answers
186
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Uniform limit of pointwise limits of continuous functions
Let $X$ be topological spaces, $Y$ a metric space and $(f_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ a sequence of functions, with $f_n:X\rightarrow Y$ pointwise limit of continuous functions for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$. ...
2
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0
answers
66
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Separately continuous functions of the first Baire class
Problem. Let $X,Y$ be (completely regular) topological spaces such that every separately continuous functions $f:X^2\to\mathbb R$ and $g:Y^2\to \mathbb R$ are of the first Baire class. Is every ...
2
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0
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178
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The best applications of the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem [closed]
I'm reading about the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem in the plane, I really liked the theorem. I have seen common applications in Sotomayor and Perko's book. But I would like to know what other ...
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Is the space of affine continuous functions a Baire space
Let $\Omega$ be a compact convex set in q linear normed space. Let $A(\Omega)$ be the space of affine continuous real-valued functions. My question is whether the space $A(\Omega)$ is a Baire space? ...
2
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2
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463
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Dual space of the completion of the space of Lipschitz functions
This question is a continuation of this post : Metrization of a topological vector space
Let $C_{lip}(\mathbb R^d)$ be the space of Lipschitz functions on $\mathbb R^d$. We endow $C_{lip}(\mathbb R^...
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The conditions used to prove upper semicontinuous of generalized directional derivative (in Clarke sense)
Let $X$ be a reflexive Banach space, $z, x, v \in X$. $\{z_i\}, \{x_i\}$ and $\{v_i\}$ are arbitrary sequences converging to $z, x$ and $v$, respectively.
I would like to know under which conditions ...
2
votes
2
answers
520
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Decomposition of a positive definite matrix
Let $K(x)_{n\times n}$ be a positive definite matrix defined on $x\in D$ and $K_{i,j}(x)\in C^2(D)$ (or generally $C^k$) for any $1\le i,j\le n$. Of course for any $x$, there exists a invertable ...
1
vote
1
answer
160
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Proof that Clarke generalized directional derivative is upper continuous
Let $X$ be a reflexive Banach space, $z, x, v \in X$. If $f: X \times X \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is continuous regarding its first argument and locally Lipschitz regarding its second argument. $\{z_i\},...
5
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1
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240
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Dimension reduction for non-negativity of elementary symmetric polynomials
Fix integers $1 \leq k \leq n$ and suppose $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$ is such that $e_j(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n) \geq 0$ for all $1 \leq j \leq k$, where $e_j$ is the $j$-th elementary symmetric ...
2
votes
2
answers
240
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Measure of non-commutativity of two invertible functions
I need to estimate $|x - f^{-1}(g^{-1}(f(g(x))))|$ for various values of $x$ for two smooth invertible functions $f$ and $g$ on $\mathbb{R}$ (actually some other spaces, but $\mathbb{R}$ will do.) Are ...
0
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1
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232
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$f'(x)>f(f(x))$ implies $f(f(f(x)))\leq0$ for nonnegative $x$
If $f\in C^1(\mathbb R)$ satisfies $f'(x)>f(f(x))$ for all $x\in\mathbb R$, then $f(f(f(x)))\leq0$ for all $x\geq0$.
I have some trouble to prove this. I wonder if there's some relations between ...
3
votes
1
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234
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$\int_0^1 f(\sin(1/x)) \times g(\cos(1/x)) dx \leq \int_0^1 f(\sin(1/x)) dx \times \int_0^1 g(\cos(1/x))dx? $
I have noticed experimentally that the following question has a positive answer.
Is it true that for all even and convex functions $f$, $g$:
$$\int_0^1 f(\sin(1/x)) \times g(\cos(1/x)) dx \leq \int_0^...
1
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1
answer
247
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Exponential decay bound on integral
I have an integral of the form
$$ \int_R^{\infty} e^{-x} x^n \vert L_m^{\alpha}(x) \vert^2 \ dx,$$
where $L_m^{\alpha}$ is the generalized Laguerre polynomial and $n \ge 0.$
I would to get a nice ...
3
votes
1
answer
189
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Positivity of real functions in two variables
Assume that $f_0,f_1,f_2$ are polynomial functions of degree two in two variables. This means that the $f_i$ are linear combinations with real coefficients of $x^2,xy,x,y^2,y,1$.
Consider the function ...
4
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0
answers
135
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Is the existence of Banach limits independent of ZF+DC?
Is the existence of Banach limits independent of ZF+DC?
Assuming this is known, where can I find a proof?
2
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1
answer
248
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Dimension of intersection of real analytic sets
Suppose that $A,B$ are real analytic subsets of $\Omega\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ and $p\in A\cap B \neq \emptyset$. Does the intersection inequality from complex analysis still hold, i.e. does the ...
5
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0
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646
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Nature of function as $x\rightarrow\infty$
I'm studying the limits and applicability of Abel Plana summation for different test functions (class of functions). In doing so this just pops out and couldn't handle the said integral so asked here (...
19
votes
3
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1k
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Is there a Cantor set $C$ in $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ so the graph of every continuous function $[0,1]\rightarrow [0,1]$ intersects $C$?
Consider the Cantor ternary set on the real line with the usual topology and define a Cantor set to be any topological space $C$ homeomorphic to the Cantor ternary set.
The idea is to construct a ...
9
votes
3
answers
764
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Structure theorems for compact sets of rationals
Everyone knows the Heine-Borel theorem characterizing compact subsets of Euclidean space. For any $n \in \mathbb N$ a set $A \subseteq \mathbb R^n$ is compact just in case it is closed and bounded (in ...
0
votes
0
answers
52
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How to know if two special functions are related by an elementary function?
Suppose I have two special functions $f_1$ and $f_2$. Is there an algorithm which can tell me whether there exists elementary $g$ such that $f_1 = g\circ f_2$? Furthermore, is there any possibility to ...
11
votes
2
answers
476
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$x f'$ bounded by $x^2f $ and $f''$?
Consider the Hilbert space of functions $f \in L^2(\mathbb R)$ such that $x^2f \in L^2(\mathbb R) $ and $ f'' \in L^2(\mathbb R).$
I am wondering whether it is true that $xf'\in L^2(\mathbb R)$ as ...
2
votes
1
answer
180
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Support of functions in Fourier domain
Let $\mathcal F$ be the Fourier transform. I would like to understand whether being in a Sobolev space implies that the Fourier transform of a function is necessarily supported on a compact ball up to ...
1
vote
2
answers
402
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Lower bound for $ \sum_{i=1}^n x_i f(x_i)$ when $\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i = K$
Considering,
the set of all n dim. vectors $\{x_i\}_{i=1,...,n} $ such that $x_i \geq 0 $ and $\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i = K$
Any continuous and strictly increasing function $f^+(x)$ : $ \mathbb R^+ \to \...
10
votes
1
answer
382
views
When is this multiple integral finite?
Consider the following integral:
$$
I_k(\alpha)=\int_{[0,1]^k}|x_1-x_2|^{\alpha}|x_2-x_3|^{\alpha}\ldots|x_{k-1}-x_k|^{\alpha}|x_k-x_1|^{\alpha}d\mathbf{x}.
$$
where $k=2,3,4,\ldots$
The question is ...
5
votes
4
answers
356
views
Dual norm of a subspace of $\ell_\infty^3$
We define a norm on $\mathbb C^2$ as $\|(\alpha,\beta)\|:=\max\left\{|\alpha|,|\beta|,\big|\frac{\alpha+\beta}{\sqrt{2}}\big|\right\}.$ Can the dual norm be calculated explicitly?
28
votes
4
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2k
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For a continuous function $f:\mathbb{R}^{+}\to\mathbb{R}^{+}$ does $(f(x)-f(y)) (f(\frac{x+y}{2}) - f(\sqrt{xy}))=0$ imply that $f$ is constant?
Suppose that $f: \mathbb{R}^+ \to \mathbb{R}^+$ is a continuous function such that for all positive real numbers $x,y$ the following is true :
$$(f(x)-f(y)) \left ( f \left ( \frac{x+y}{2} \right ) - ...
0
votes
0
answers
42
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Conditions on a set implying properties on neighborhoods
Suppose $F$ is a closed set in a Euclidean space, and for $\epsilon>0$, let $V_\varepsilon$ be the $\varepsilon-$neighborhood of $F$ i.e. the set of points $x$ having a distance less than $\...
1
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1
answer
118
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A non-polynomial Young function satisfying a power-like condition
This post asked, essentially, for an example of a "non-polynomial" invertible increasing function $f\colon[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)$ such that $f(0)=0$ and
\begin{equation}
f(cu)f(t)\le f(...
7
votes
1
answer
221
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Currents in sub-Riemannian geometry
Federer and Fleming's notion of "currents" is well established so far, and starting from the seminal work of Ambrosio and Kirchheim, the notion of metric currents is well studied also. The ...
2
votes
1
answer
111
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A lemma in approximating sequences
Consider the circle $\mathbb{T}^1= \frac{\mathbb{R}}{\mathbb{Z}}$. We represent it as a union of disjoint subsegments $M_j=[t_j,t_{j+1})$, $j = 0, \cdots, n$, $t_0=t_n$ and define the map $S$ by the ...
2
votes
1
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274
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Fourier transform of the indicator function of the semi-ball
I wonder if it is possible to derive an analytical form for the Fourier transform of the indicator function of a semi-ball:
$$g_1(\underline{\xi}) = \int_{\mathcal{B}_+(R)} e^{i \underline{\xi} \cdot \...
2
votes
0
answers
287
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Components of the complement of a compact set
Suppose $K$ is a compact subset of $\mathbb{R}^m$ ($m>1$), and $0<r<R$ are fixed numbers. Let $A$ be the set of points having a distance $<R$ and $>r$ from $K$. My questions are
If $K$ ...
2
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0
answers
143
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Green's function for elliptic PDE with potential
$\newcommand{\div}{\operatorname{div}}$Suppose I have an elliptic operator $\mathcal{L} u = -\div (A \nabla u) $ on some open set $\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ where here $A$ is uniformly elliptic ...
2
votes
0
answers
80
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Proving an eigenvalue bound without resorting to Weyl's law
Suppose $(M,g)$ is a smooth compact Riemannian manifold of dimension $n\geq 2$ with smooth boundary and denote by $\{\phi_k,\lambda_k\}_{k\in \mathbb N}$ its Dirihclet spectral decomposition for the ...
17
votes
3
answers
2k
views
Is every Schwartz function the product of two Schwartz functions?
A Schwartz function on $\mathbb R^d$ is a $C^\infty$ function, such that all differentials of order $k \ge 0$ decay faster than any polynomial. They include the class $C^\infty_c(\mathbb R^d)$ of ...
0
votes
0
answers
113
views
Fractional Laplacian of smooth cut off functions
Suppose we have a smooth compactly supported function $\phi\in C^{\infty}_c(B_\epsilon(0))$ such that $0\leq \phi \leq 1$, $\phi\equiv 1$ on the unit ball and $\phi$ vanishes outside $B_\epsilon(0).$
...
1
vote
0
answers
79
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Question regarding convergent series of positive real numbers [closed]
If we have two convergent series of positive reals, $∑b_n$ and $∑c_n$, can we find a third convergent series of positive reals, $∑a_n$ , such that $\frac{a_n}{b_n }$ $\rightarrow$ $\infty$ and $\frac{...
2
votes
0
answers
68
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Weyl's law and eigenfunction bounds for weighted Laplace-Beltrami operator
I would appreciate any answers or even references for the following problem.
Let $(M,g)$ be a complete smooth Riemannian manifold with an asymptotically Euclidean metric (let's even say that the ...
9
votes
2
answers
1k
views
Density of restrictions of harmonic functions inside a ball
Let $B$ be the closed unit ball in $\mathbb R^3$ centered at the origin and let $U= \{x\in \mathbb R^3\,:\, \frac{1}{2}\leq |x| \leq 1\}.$ Let
$$ S_U= \{u \in C^{\infty}(U)\,:\, \Delta u =0 \quad\text{...
1
vote
1
answer
159
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Two trigonometric integrals: looking for a transformation
I have two integrals of trigonometric functions and I would like to ask:
QUESTION. Is there a transformation rule (or general principle) to show this equality?
$$\int_0^{\frac{\pi}2}\frac{d\theta}{\...
2
votes
0
answers
97
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Has this "optimal constrained transport" notion of convergence of measures been named and/or studied?
Let $(X,d)$ be a compact metric space, and let $\{\mu_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}}$ be a family of Borel probability measures on $X$.
Fix $L \geq 1$. I will say that $\mu_n$ converges in ...