Questions tagged [nt.number-theory]
Prime numbers, diophantine equations, diophantine approximations, analytic or algebraic number theory, arithmetic geometry, Galois theory, transcendental number theory, continued fractions
15,952
questions
4
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2
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Chebyshev's bias-conjecture and the Riemann Hypothesis
Chebyshev's bias-conjecture that says "there are more primes of the form 4k + 3 than of the form 4k + 1" and the Riemann Hypothesis are equivalent? That means, one implies the other (if and only if)?
3
votes
2
answers
289
views
Algebraic points on a curve with small degree
Let $d \geq 2$ be a positive integer, and let $K_d$ denote the compositum of all fields of degree $d$ over $\mathbb{Q}$.
Let $Y$ be an algebraic curve defined over the rationals and has genus $g \...
0
votes
0
answers
700
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On sets of coprime integers in intervals
Briefly,
Question: Is it "good enough" to use least prime factor in choosing a maximal set of coprime integers in an interval?
The post title comes from a 1993 paper of Erdos and Sarkozy. They ...
4
votes
0
answers
189
views
When does a continuous function's "Fourier series" converge pointwise almost everywhere to the function?
Let $G$ be a compact topological group. By the Peter-Weyl theorem, the complex Hilbert space $L^2(G)$ is the Hilbert space direct sum of the spaces of matrix coefficients of all the irreducible ...
7
votes
0
answers
285
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What does it mean for a complex valued function on $G(\mathbb A)$ to be smooth (or smooth of compact support)?
Let $G$ be a linear algebraic group over a number field $k$. Let $\mathbb A$ denote the adeles of $k$, $\mathbb A_f$ the finite adeles, and $k_{\infty} = \prod\limits_{v \mid \infty} k_v$. Here are ...
62
votes
5
answers
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Jean Bourgain's relatively lesser known significant contributions
Jean Bourgain passed away on December 22, 2018.
A great mathematician is no longer with us.
Terry Tao has blogged about Bourgain's death and mentioned some of his more recent significant contributions,...
-2
votes
1
answer
75
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Approximation for $ \inf\{r>0,(n-r,n+r)\in\mathbb{P}^{2}\} $ by minimizing a distance
Under Goldbach's conjecture, let $r_{0}(n) : =\inf\{r>0,(n-r,n+r)\in\mathbb{P}^{2}\} $ and $k_{0}(n) : =\pi(n+r_{0}(n))-\pi(n-r_{0}(n)) $. The PNT implies that one can expect to have $ \dfrac{...
12
votes
4
answers
3k
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Prove that $\sum_{n = 1}^{p - 1} n^{p - 1} \equiv (p - 1)! + p \pmod {p^2}$ with $p$ being an odd prime
First, I have to admit that I have already asked the same question on MSE several days ago. If I am bending any rules, I apologize for that and moderator can delete or close this question without ...
4
votes
1
answer
299
views
Proper Way To Compute An Upper Bound
I regard to the proof of Lemma 10 in "A remark on a conjecture of Chowla" by M. R. Murty, A. Vatwani, J. Ramanujan Math. Soc., 33, No. 2, 2018, 111-123,
the authors used the average value $(\log x)^...
8
votes
1
answer
353
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Is the permanent of the matrix $[(\frac{i+j}{2n+1})]_{0\le i,j\le n}$ always positive?
Recall that the permanent of an $n\times n$ matrix $A=[a_{i,j}]_{1\le i,j\le n}$ is defined by
$$\operatorname{per}A=\sum_{\sigma\in S_n}\prod_{i=1}^n a_{i,\sigma(i)}.$$
In 2004, R. Chapman [Acta ...
6
votes
2
answers
443
views
Name of a group-like structure
The late Vladimir Arnold, in
Arnold, V., Arithmetics of binary quadratic forms, symmetry of their continued fractions and geometry of their de Sitter world, Bull. Braz. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 34, No. 1, ...
2
votes
0
answers
197
views
Point of smallest height on an algebraic curve
Let $C$ be an algebraic curve of genus $g \geq 2$ defined over a number field $K$, and we suppose that $C(K) \ne \emptyset$ ($C$ may very well be defined over a proper subfield of $K$, but perhaps ...
2
votes
1
answer
163
views
Approximate sequence of numbers
Let $n \in \mathbb N$ and $k_n \in \left\{0,..,n \right\}$ then we define the numbers
$$x_{n,k_n} = \frac{k_n+n^2}{n^3+n^2}.$$
It is easy to see that these numbers satisfy
$$x_{n,0} = \frac{1}{n+1} ...
10
votes
0
answers
252
views
How many partition values are expected to be prime?
Let $p(n)$ be the partition function. Let $P(N)$ count how many $1\leq n\leq N$ are such that $p(n)$ is prime.
Are there any heuristics for how $P(N)$ should behave?
A crude guess at how this ...
14
votes
0
answers
595
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Reverse Mathematics of Euclid's theorem
Euclid's theorem that there are infinitely many prime numbers has multiple proofs, ranging from Euclid's original theorem that constructs a new prime from a finite list of such, to Euler's proof that ...
9
votes
2
answers
970
views
Influential results by Swinnerton-Dyer
The conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer had a tremendous influence on the development of arithmetic geometry. Which other results of Swinnerton-Dyer have had a lasting influence?
[edit, in ...
8
votes
4
answers
780
views
Different derivations of the value of $\prod_{0\leq j<k<n}(\eta^k-\eta^j)$
Let $\eta=e^{\frac{2\pi i}n}$, an $n$-th root of unity. For pedagogical reasons and inspiration, I ask to see different proofs (be it elementary, sophisticated, theoretical, etc) for the following ...
1
vote
0
answers
66
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Probability distribution from standard domain (two primes) - IV
Pick a random pair $(a,b)\in\mathbb Z_n^2\setminus\{0,0\}$. Denote $N_2(a,b,n)$ to be minimum $\ell_2$ norm of vector $(x,y)$ as $(x,y)$ ranges over all non-zero integral solutions to $(x,y)\equiv t(a,...
1
vote
1
answer
402
views
How large can $|\zeta(\sigma + it)|$ be for $\sigma<1/2$?
Let $\zeta$ be the Riemann zeta function.
My question is: For fixed $\sigma<1/2$, how large can $|\zeta(\sigma+it)|$ be for $t\in \mathbb{R}$, even assuming zeta conjectures like the RH or the LH ?...
1
vote
0
answers
127
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Universal elliptic curve over anticanonical tower
While I'm reading Scholze's paper "On torsion in the cohomology of locally symmetric varieties" he constructs the anticanonical tower passing through the construction of an integral model $X_{\infty}$ ...
9
votes
1
answer
495
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A question about Galois representations
Let $K$ be a number field and $(\rho,V)$, $(\rho',V')$ be two Galois representations of $\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/K)$. Suppose that for some positive integer $n$ we have $\mathrm{Sym}^n\rho\...
2
votes
1
answer
226
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Has the "semidirect monoid of a semiring" been considered anywhere?
Given a semiring $S$, we get a monoid $M(S)$ as follows:
The underlying set of $S$ is $S^2$
The identity element is $(0,1)$
The law of composition is given by $$(a,A)(b,B) = (Ba+b,AB),$$ where $a,A,b$...
0
votes
1
answer
405
views
Reason Coppersmith fails here?
Take classic problem of finding $P,Q$ in balanced semi-prime $N=PQ$.
$P$ has a binary expansion and so does $Q$. We can set the binary $0/1$ variables to be $x_1$ through $x_{\lceil\log P\rceil}$ and $...
-3
votes
1
answer
265
views
Negative Dirichlet Pigeonhole Principle [closed]
From Dirichlet Pigeonhole Principle if $p$ is a prime and if $a,b\in\mathbb Z$ are in $(0,p/2)$ then there is a $t\in(0,p)\cap\mathbb Z$ such that $\|(x,y)\|_\infty<\lceil\sqrt p\rceil$ holds where ...
2
votes
1
answer
413
views
A complementary of the Collatz $3x+1$ problem
Let $\mathbb{N}_{\text{odd}}$ be the set of odd positive integers. For $x_0 \in \mathbb{N}_{\text{odd}}$
consider the set-valued sequence $\{A_n\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ defined by the formula
$$
A_0 = \{...
2
votes
1
answer
295
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Homogeneous van der Waerden
The Erdős Discrepancy Problem is whether in any two-coloring of the naturals for any $C$ there is a sequence $d, 2d, \ldots nd$ such that the difference of red and blue numbers in it is more than $C$.
...
3
votes
2
answers
414
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Prove that there exists a nonempty subset $ I$ of $ \{1,2,...,n\}$ such that $ \sum_{i\in I}{\frac {1}{b_i}}$ is an integer
Let $ a_1,a_2,...,a_n$ and $ b_1,b_2,...,b_n$ be positive integers such that any integer $ x$ satisfies at least one congruence $ x\equiv a_i\pmod {b_i}$ for some $ i$. Prove that there exists a ...
6
votes
1
answer
460
views
Equidistribution of $\{p_n^2α\}$
Let $p_n$ be the $n$th prime and $\alpha$ an irrational number. Vinogradov proved that the sequence $\{p_n \alpha\}$ is equidistributed. Is it known whether the sequence $\{p_n^2 \alpha \}$ is ...
2
votes
1
answer
275
views
Is there an analogue of the Balazard-Saias-Yor criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis for finite fields?
The Balazard-Saias-Yor criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis states that the latter is equivalent to the statement that
$$\int_{\Re(s)=1/2} \frac{\log|\zeta(s)|}{|s^2|}|ds|=0$$ where $\zeta$ denotes ...
7
votes
0
answers
205
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Has this self-similar sequence the ratio $(\sqrt2+1)^2$?
This is inspired by a math.SE question, where an infinite sequence of pairwise distinct natural numbers $a_1=1, a_2, a_3, ...$ has been defined as follows:
$a_n$ is the smallest number such that $s_n:=...
4
votes
1
answer
474
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A series of conjectures on $\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p)$ (III)
As in Question 319254, for an odd prime $p$ and integers $c,d$ we define
$$S_p(c,d):=\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}\left(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p\right),$$
where $(\frac{\cdot}p)$ is the Legendre symbol.
In my ...
1
vote
0
answers
117
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A series of conjectures on $\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p)$ (II)
As in Question 319254, for an odd prime $p$ and integers $c,d$ we let
$$S_p(c,d):=\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}\left(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p\right).$$ If $p\equiv1\pmod4$, then we obviously have
\begin{align}&\...
8
votes
1
answer
168
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On the existence of a particular type of finite measure on $\mathbb N$
Let $\mathbb N$ denote the set of all positive integers. Does there exist a countably additive measure $\mu : \mathcal P(\mathbb N) \to [0,\infty)$ such that $\mu(\mathbb N)<\infty$ and $\mu(\{nk: ...
1
vote
0
answers
169
views
A series of conjectures on $\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p)$ (I)
Let $p$ be an odd prime. Here I introduce the sum
$$S_p(c,d):=\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}\left(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p\right)$$
with $c,d\in\mathbb Z$, where $(\frac{\cdot}p)$ is the Legendre symbol.
I have a ...
1
vote
1
answer
139
views
Factoring with partial information on gaps
If $N=PQ$ is a semi-prime with $P=N^{\frac12 +\delta}$ and $Q=N^{\frac12-\delta}$ then if we know $\delta\in(0,\frac12)$ to a reasonable precision we can factor $N$ quickly. What precision (number of ...
3
votes
1
answer
181
views
Divergence of a series related to Schinzel's hypothesis H
The Series
Consider the series identity
$$\Phi(s) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\mu(n) (\log n)^k}{n^s} \sum_{r \in R(n)} \zeta(s,r/n) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\Lambda_k'(f(n))}{n^s}$$
$$R(n) = \left\...
5
votes
1
answer
278
views
Counting primitive solutions to a diophantine inequality
This is a refinement (perhaps a simpler version) of a question I asked here before and couldn't get an answer for.
Fix $\alpha \in (0,1]$ and a small constant $c>0$. For $x \in [0,1]$ and $N\in\...
6
votes
0
answers
248
views
Gaussian square-free moat
Is there a sequence $\{z_n\}_{n=1}^\infty$ of distinct square-free
Gaussian integers with $$\sup_{n \geq 1} |z_{n+1} - z_n| < \infty ?$$
For the analogous problem with Gaussian primes instead, ...
6
votes
0
answers
213
views
Divisor bound for $r_2$ off the origin
If $r_2(n)$ denotes the number of integer solutions to $a^2+b^2=n$, we have the "divisor bound" $r_2(n) = O(n^{\epsilon})$ for any $\epsilon>0$. Another way to state this is that the number of ...
13
votes
1
answer
1k
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Is there a substitution that relates every Fermat curve to an elliptic curve?
I asked this question on MSE but didn't get any response, so I'm asking here. I apologize in advance if this question is not research level.
A Fermat Curve of degree $n$ is the set of solutions to $x^...
-1
votes
1
answer
240
views
On a certain representation of the Riemann zeta function
Let $\zeta$ denote the Riemann zeta function. In this answer: https://mathoverflow.net/a/314066/133634, @Paul Garret considers the representation
$$\frac{\zeta(s)}{s} = \int_1^\infty (\sum_{1 \le n \...
3
votes
1
answer
106
views
Comparing the height of a curve and a singly branched cover
Let $C$ be an algebraic curve of genus $g \geq 2$ defined over a number field $K$, having good reduction outside of a finite set $S$ of primes in $K$. A singly branched cover $C'$ of $C$ is a curve ...
4
votes
0
answers
177
views
Field K and integer n such that the etale fundamental group of (GL_n)_K is the profinite completion of GL_n(K)?
Prove or disprove:
Claim: there exists a field $K$ and an integer $n$ such that $\pi_1^{et}((GL_n)_K)$ is isomorphic to the profinite completion of the abstract group $GL_n(K)$?
Note that then $G_K \...
4
votes
0
answers
133
views
Plancherel measure and dimension
I would like to understand what the Plancherel measure is on the dual of a compact group, in more explicit terms than with an implicit definition. Indeed, to the extent of my knowledge it is defined ...
15
votes
2
answers
650
views
A tantalizing Gamma quotient to challenge the Rohrlich-Lang Conjecture
The Rohrlich-Lang Conjecture for polynomial relations in Gamma values predicts that all polynomial relations between Gamma values over $\mathbb Q$ come from the functional equations satisfied by the ...
2
votes
0
answers
131
views
Local polynomials of Frobenius-semisimple Weil representations which are tensor products of an Artin representation and an unramified character
Let $K$ be a local field and $\rho: W_K \to \operatorname{GL}(V)$ be a Weil representation. The for any finite extension $F/K$, we define the local polynomial
$$
P(\rho|_F,T) = \det{(1 - \operatorname{...
2
votes
0
answers
180
views
Does there exist $a_0$, such that $\{a_n\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ is unbounded?
Suppose $\{a_n\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ is a sequence, defined by the recurrence relation
$$
a_{n+1} = \phi(a_n) + \sigma(a_n) - a_n,
$$
where $\sigma$ denotes the divisor sum function and $\phi$ is Euler'...
3
votes
1
answer
271
views
Number of lattice points on spheres with center not at the origin
Let $k\ge1$. It is known that the number of lattice points on the $k$-sphere $S^k(0)$ (center at the origin, radius $R$), namely the size of $\mathbb{Z}^{k+1}\cap S^k(0)$, is bounded by $R^{k-1+\...
2
votes
1
answer
242
views
Inquiry on the bound for $\int_{0}^{T} \Big|\log|\zeta(1/2 + it)| \Big| \mathrm{d}t$
Let $\zeta$ be the zeta function of Riemann. Is the bound for
$$I_{T}=\int_{0}^{T} \Big|\log|\zeta(1/2 + it)| \Big| \mathrm{d}t$$
known ?
It seems to me that $I_{T} \ll T\log T$ since $\log|\zeta(...
11
votes
1
answer
633
views
Finiteness or infiniteness for Galois representations with unusual Hodge numbers
Say a representation $\operatorname{Gal}(\mathbb Q) \to GL_n(\overline{\mathbb Q}_\ell)$ has big monodromy if the Zariski closure of the image of $\operatorname{Gal}(\mathbb Q) $ contains $SO_n$ or $...