Questions tagged [ergodic-theory]
Dynamical systems on measure spaces, invariant measures, ergodic averages, mixing properties.
886
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Reference request - logarithmic average
Consider a set $A\subseteq\mathbb{N}$. Consider an arithmetic function $a(n):\mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{C}$. I am looking for notation which describes the following:\begin{equation}\frac{\sum_{n\in A}\frac{...
4
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2
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168
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Simple proof that exactness implies strong mixing
Let $f$ be a continuous map defined on a compact metric space $X$. Suppose that $f$ preserves the Borel probability measure $\mu$ and that, for every positive-measure set $A\subseteq X$, we have $$\...
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0
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51
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Continuous version of ergodic with integral
Let $f\in L^1(\mathbb{T}^n)$ such that $f \geq 0$ and $f$ might have a singularity, but along some curve or line $\xi(t): \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{T}^n$ the value $f(\xi(t))$ is defined and continuous, ...
6
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2
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If the average of a sequence converges, can I find a uniform bound that does not depend on where I start?
Let $\{a_k\}_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \subset \mathbb{R}$ a real sequence and $a\in \mathbb{R}$ such that $$ \lim_{n\to +\infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=1}^n a_k = a = \lim_{n\to +\infty} \frac{1}{n+1} \sum_{k=0}...
4
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2
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Reference request - Pillai-Selberg Theorem
I want to find a proof of the following claim. Let $\Omega(n)$ denote the number of prime factors of an integer $n$ counted with multiplicity. Then $\Omega(n)$ equidistributes over residue classes. ...
2
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1
answer
113
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Koopman operators on $L^p(X)$
On spaces $L^p(X)$ the Koopman operator is defined as $T=T_\varphi: L^p(X) \rightarrow L^p(X)$, where $(X,\varphi)$ is a measure preserving system. As $\varphi$ is measure preserving we have that $T$ ...
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0
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Mixing for a gas of hard spheres
The gas of hard spheres is a model for a gas in a container, where each particle is a sphere of radius $\epsilon$. The spheres interact with each other and with the container with elastic collisions. ...
2
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2
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306
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Existence of the limit of periodic measures
Let $T: X \to X$ be a continuous map over a compact metric space. We say that a measure $\mu$ is $T$-invariant if $T_{\ast} \mu= \mu$. We denote by $M(X, T)$ the space of all $T$-invariant Borel ...
2
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2
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If $\inf\{b\in\mathbb{R}\mid\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}e^{-ax_n-by_n}<+\infty\}=1-a$ for all $a\in [0,1]$, does this equality hold for all $a\in\mathbb{R}$?
Let $\left\{x_n\right\}_{n=1}^{+\infty},\left\{y_n\right\}_{n=1}^{+\infty}\subset [0,+\infty)$ be two sequences of non-negative real numbers. Suppose there exist $\lambda\ge 1, c\ge 0$ such that $\...
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Radial behavior of dynamical map $x_{n+1}=2x_ny_n$, $y_{n+1}=1-2x_n^2$
Consider the sequence in the unit disk $D=\{(x,y)\,|\,x^2+y^2\leq 1\}$ iteratively defined by the quadratic map $$\begin{aligned} x_{n+1}&=2x_ny_n\\y_{n+1}&=1-2x_n^2\end{aligned},$$
starting ...
6
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1
answer
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Sequence of digits of powers of two
Elementary number theory tells us a lot about the final digits of the powers of two, and ergodic theory (more specifically the theory of equidistribution of points in the orbit of an irrational ...
0
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1
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248
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Do invariant open sets generate the $\sigma$-algebra of invariant sets?
Let $X$ be a Polish space with Borel $\sigma$-algebra $B(X)$. Let $G$ be a locally compact group. $T:G\times X\to X$ be a continuous action of $G$ on $X$.
The $\sigma$-algebra of invariant sets is ...
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1
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Central limit theorem for irrational rotations
Let $\alpha$ be an algebraic integer of modulus 1, and $ R_\alpha z=\alpha z$. Is
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log|\sum_{k=1}^n \Re R_\alpha^k z|}{\log n}=\frac12$$ for all $z\in S^1$?
Birkhoff's ergodic ...
4
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1
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Ergodic actions and deviation from invariance
Let $M$ be a von Neumann algebra and let $(\phi_t)$ be an ergodic point-$\sigma$-weakly continuous one-parameter group of automorphisms $\phi_t\in \mathrm{Aut}(M)$, i.e., $\Vert\omega-\omega\circ\...
2
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1
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Does Bernoulli imply exponential mixing?
This question comes from this paper where the authors proved that exponential mixing implies Bernoulli. They also mentioned in the introduction that Bernoulli is the strongest ergodic property and ...
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1
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Number of ergodic transverse measures for geodesic laminations - bounded by the genus?
Consider a geodesic lamination $\Lambda$`of a closed hyperbolic surface $S$ of genus $g$, and take a globally transverse closed curve $I$. The lamination induces a return map $R_{\Lambda}: I \to I$, ...
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0
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Question about ergodic flows and periodicity
Let $X$ be a compact Haussdorf space, let $\mu$ be a Borel measure on $X$ with $\mathrm{supp}(\mu)=X$ and let $(\phi_s)_{s\in\mathbb R}$ be a one-parameter group of homeomorphisms which is
continuous ...
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Using the von Neumann crossed product to introduce a measure on the orbit space?
Suppose we're given an action (possibly: ergodic) of a group G (say, $\mathbb{R}$) on a measure space $(X, \mu)$ (possibly: a standard probability space).
Question: is there a natural way of using the ...
8
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4
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758
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Ergodic theory applied to number theory
I am interested in the links between Ergodic Theory and Number Theory. Can anyone give some references for papers to read in this field? Any open problems? Or ideas where it may be applicable in NT?
3
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1
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Rate of convergence for Markov chain in random environment
Let $(\Omega,\mathfrak{F},\mathbb{P})$ be a probability space and $\sigma:\Omega\to\Omega$ be an ergodic, invertible and measure preserving transformation. Consider a family of column stochastic ...
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Are orbits of a measurable flow always measurable with measure zero?
Let $(X, \mathcal{B})$ be a standard Borel space with a probability measure $\mu$ on $\mathcal{B}$. Let $(T_t)_{t \in \mathbb{R}}$ be a jointly measurable flow (i.e. $(T_t)_{t \in \mathbb{R}}$ is a ...
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Let $(a_n)_{n\in N}=(1,2,3,4,6,8,9,12,\cdots)$ list the set$\{2^n3^m\mid m,n\in N\}$. Find $α$ such that $(a_n)\alpha\pmod1$ is not equidistributed
Let $$(a_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}} = (1,2,3,4,6,8,9,12,16,18,\cdots)$$ be a sequence that is a listing of the set $$\{2^n3^m \mid m,n \in \mathbb{N}\}$$ We need to find an irrational number $\alpha$ such ...
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If $a_1=1$ and $a_n=\sec (a_{n-1})$ then what does the proportion of positive terms approach, as $n\to\infty$?
Consider the sequence $a_1=1$ and $a_n=\sec (a_{n-1})$ for $n>1$.
What does the proportion of positive terms approach, as $n\to\infty$?
At first I thought the limiting proportion might be $\frac{...
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1
answer
251
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Alternate definitions of compact and weak mixing extensions
In Furstenberg's proof of the multiple recurrence theorem in ergodic theory, one makes use of the concept of compact and weak mixing extensions of a measure preserving system. The following definition ...
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1
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Strong law of large numbers for a sequence of random variables in different probability spaces
Is it known whether the following version of the strong law of large numbers holds?
For each $k\in\mathbb{N}$, let $\Omega_k$ be a finite set and $\mu_k$ be a probability measure on $\Omega_k$. Let $(...
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0
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The space of ergodic elements of a topological or Lie group
Let $G$ be a compact topological group with normalized Haar measure $\mu$. An element $g\in G$ is an ergodic element if the mapping $L_g:G \to G $ with $x\mapsto gx$ is an ergodic map. The ...
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Distortion lemma for composition of (distinct) functions expanding on average
I am trying to describe the following dynamics:
Let $(T_{\rho})_{\rho \in [0, 1]}$, $T_{\rho}: [-1, 1] \rightarrow [-1, 1]$ be a family map which satisfies:
$\forall \, \rho \in [0, 1], \, \exists \,...
7
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1
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If the pointwise ergodic theorem holds along all subsequences with nonzero natural density, is the system strong mixing?
Let $\mathbf X := (X, \mathcal S, \mu, T)$ be an ergodic measure preserving system with finite measure such that for every increasing sequence $\{n_k\}$ of natural numbers whose natural density exists ...
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Expected value for minimum denominator of arbitrarily chosed rational out of a ball of fixed radius to complex plane
So I have a research problem which states that we compute the probability mass function of the random variable which returns the smallest denominator of a reduced fraction in a randomly chosen real ...
3
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1
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Equidistribution of the orbit $\{\text{diag}(t^a,t^{-a})\Lambda \}_{t>0}$ for a.e. $\Lambda\in \text{SL}(2,\mathbb R)/\text{SL}(2,\mathbb Z)$
$\DeclareMathOperator\diag{diag}\DeclareMathOperator\SL{SL}$It is well-known that geodesic flow $g_t=\{\diag(e^t,e^{-t}) \}_{t>0}$ acts ergodically (actually mixing) on $\SL(2,\mathbb R)$ (Howe–...
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Understanding logarithmic law for geodesics
I was reading this seminal paper
https://projecteuclid.org/journals/acta-mathematica/volume-149/issue-none/Disjoint-spheres-approximation-by-imaginary-quadratic-numbers-and-the-logarithm/10.1007/...
2
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A (possible) generic spectral property in one dimensional dynamics
Context and Definitions
Consider the interval $I=[0,1]$. We say that $T:I\to I$ satisfies the axiom A (I am following [1]) if:
$T$ has a finite number of hyperbolic periodic attractors; and
defining $...
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129
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Ruelle's Theorem
When reading the spectral theorem of Ruelle's operator, a crucial question arises: Is there an effective method to compute the leading eigenvalue and the equilibrium state explicitly?
Let's consider a ...
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0
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Is it known whether 2-mixing continuous systems on a compact metric space are necessarily "pseudo-3-mixing"?
I asked this question on Math Stack Exchange at https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4739742/; it received 4 upvotes, but no comments or answers even after a 450-point bounty.
The question:
Is ...
3
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1
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Quantitative version of ergodic theorem in Markov chains
Consider an irreducible Markov chain $X_t$ with finite state space $E$, and unique invariant measure $\pi$. Fix a function $V:E\to\mathbb R$ such that $E_\pi[V]=0$. The ergodic theorem tells us that, ...
2
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1
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Ergodicity of linear dynamical systems and convergence of covariance matrices
Let $z(n+1)=Bz(n)+\xi(n+1)$ be an $N$-dimensional linear dynamical system with $\left(\xi(n)\right)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ being i.i.d. with $\xi(n)\sim\mathcal{N}(0,\Sigma_{\xi})$.
Assumptions: a) The ...
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the second largest eigenvalue of transfer operators
A Gauss map $T$ is mixing and satisfies Lasota-York inequalities. By Henon's theorem, we know that the transfer operator $\hat{T}$ associated with $T$ has a spectral gap. This means there exists a ...
2
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Rotation number for multicomponent Schrödinger equation
Rotation number for Schrödinger equation of the form
\begin{equation}
-x''(t) +q(t) x(t) = E x(t)
\end{equation}
was defined in R. Johnson J. Moser "The rotation number for almost periodic ...
2
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When is $f^*:T^*M\to T^*M$ an ergodic map for a diffeomorphism $f:M\to M$?
Let M be a differentiable manifold and $f:M \to M$ be a diffeomorphism. Then $f$ induces a natural map $f^* :T^*M \to T^*M$.
The pull back map $f^*$ is a symplectomorphism wrt the ...
3
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1
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Spectral disjointness of unitary representations of Type I groups and orthogonality
Background: If $\mathcal{H}$ is a Hilbert space and $U:\mathcal{H}\rightarrow\mathcal{H}$ is a unitary operator, then for each $f \in \mathcal{H}$ the sequence $(\langle U^nf,f\rangle)_{n = 1}^\infty$ ...
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1
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Nonamenable p.m.p. action on a standard probability space
Let $G$ be a discrete nonamenable countable group acting on a standard probability space $(X,\mu)$ through measure-preserving transformations.
Is the action of $G$ always amenable?
(Amenable action, ...
21
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1
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Roadmap to Ergodic Theory
I have recently been interested in going deeper into ergodic theory, beyond an introductory level of knowledge. Background wise, my training has mostly been in stochastic analysis, and I have a ...
2
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131
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Proof of Zimmer's cocycle super-rigidity theorem
I was reading the proof of Zimmer's cocycle super-rigidity theorem from the book 'Ergodic theory and semi-simple groups' by Robert Zimmer (Theorem 5.2.5, page 98). But I am not able to understand it. ...
2
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0
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106
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Proving light escapes mirrors via ergodic theory of billiards
There's a longstanding open problem concerning whether or not it's possible to trap all the light from a point source using a finite collection of circles/lines whose sides are mirrors. This seems ...
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0
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112
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Mathematical justification for the use of an energy shell in the microcanonical ensemble
I would like to understand an identity used in the deduction of the explicit formula for the probability distribution of the microcanonical ensemble in statistical mechanics.
Consider $\Lambda$ to be ...
3
votes
1
answer
226
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"Ergodic theorem" for Markov kernels
Consider a discrete time Markov chain $(X_t)$ on a finite state space $\mathcal{S}$, with transition matrix $P$. Assume that the chain admits a stationary distribution $\pi$, which I will identify ...
1
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0
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91
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Convex combination of positive mean-ergodic operators
Let $T_1,T_2:L^1([0,1],\mathrm{d}x)\to L^1([0,1],\mathrm{d}x)$ be positive mean-ergodic operators such that:
For every $h:[0,1]\to \mathbb{R}_+$ we have that
$$\int_0^1 T_1 h(x)\mathrm{d}x = \int_0^1 ...
2
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0
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233
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Correlation decay rate
Let $T$ be a continuous transformation of a probability measure space $(X,\mathcal{B}(X),\mu)$ and
$\varphi ,\phi \in L^2(\mu)$ (so-called observable) . The correlation function of $\varphi ,\phi$ (a ...
1
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1
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Example of finite closed cover with entropy strictly greater than topological entropy
I'm reading "Topological entropy bounds measure-theorettic entropy", by L.W. Goodwyn.
enter link description here
After Proposition 2, he mentions that "finite closed cover can yield ...
3
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1
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182
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Competing definitions of smooth orbit equivalence relation
Suppose that $X$ is a standard Borel space (meaning it is endowed with a $\sigma$-algebra coming from some Polish topology on $X$) and $G$ is a Polish group acting in a Borel way on $X$. Denote by $...