Questions tagged [closed-form-expressions]
For questions that specifically ask for determining a closed form of equations, integrals etc.
207
questions
91
votes
2
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Is it possible to express $\int\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x+1}}}dx$ in elementary functions?
I asked a question at Math.SE last year and later offered a bounty for it, but it remains unsolved even in the simplest case. So I finally decided to repost this case here:
Is it possible to express ...
59
votes
7
answers
4k
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How closed-form conjectures are made?
Recently I posted a conjecture at Math.SE:
$$\int_0^\infty\ln\frac{J_\mu(x)^2+Y_\mu(x)^2}{J_\nu(x)^2+Y_\nu(x)^2}\mathrm dx\stackrel{?}{=}\frac{\pi}{2}(\mu^2-\nu^2),$$
where $J_\mu(x)$ and $Y_\mu(x)$ ...
29
votes
2
answers
2k
views
Is there a closed form for $\int_0^\infty\frac{\tanh^3(x)}{x^2}dx$?
For $n\geqslant m>1$, the integral $$I_{n,m}:=\int\limits_0^\infty\dfrac{\tanh^n(x)}{x^m}dx$$ converges. If $m$ and $n$ are both even or both odd, we can use the residue theorem to easily evaluate ...
26
votes
2
answers
1k
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Are these two new ways of representing odd zeta values as integrals known?
This is inspired by the same beautiful integral expression for $\zeta(3)$ as this question, but goes in a slightly different direction. Writing the original integral in the form $$\int_0^1\frac{x(1-x)}...
25
votes
2
answers
2k
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When can an invertible function be inverted in closed form?
The Risch algorithm answers the question:
"When can a function be integrated in closed form?", see:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_integration
Is anyone aware of any work that answers the ...
24
votes
1
answer
2k
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Why these surprising proportionalities of integrals involving odd zeta values?
Inspired by the well known $$\int_0^1\frac{\ln(1-x)\ln x}x\mathrm dx=\zeta(3)$$ and the integral given here (writing $\zeta_r:=\zeta(r)$ for easier reading)$$\int_0^1\frac{\ln^3(1-x)\ln x}x\mathrm dx=...
20
votes
3
answers
957
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Is this combination of generalized polygamma and dilogarithm actually zero? $\Im\;\psi^{(-2)}(1+i)+\frac1{4\pi}\text{Li}_2(e^{-2\pi})-\log\sqrt{2\pi}+\frac{5\pi}{24}+\frac12$
I encountered this quantity in my calculations and tried to simplify it. Approximate numeric calculations suggested it could be zero (more precisely, it is certainly less than $10^{-4\times10^3}$ in ...
19
votes
2
answers
896
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Could there be a special-function counterexample to Schanuel's conjecture?
It is not too hard to show that if Schanuel's conjecture is true, then the only algebraic numbers admitting a "closed-form expression" (as defined precisely in this paper) involving $e$, $\pi$, and ...
17
votes
1
answer
832
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On the solvable septic quadrinomial $x^7-7x^4-14x^3-7=0$?
The concept of sparse polynomials has its place, and solvable but irreducible quadrinomial examples such as,
$$x^7-7x^4-14x^3-7=0$$
$$x^8+x^7+29x^2+29=0$$
$$x^9-27x^4-9x^3-9^2=0$$
$$x^{12}-36x^5-12x^3-...
16
votes
3
answers
3k
views
How do i solve this : $\displaystyle \ f'=e^{{f}^{-1}}$?
Let $f$ be a function such that :$f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ and $f^{-1}$ is a compositional inverse of $f$. I would'd like to know how do I solve this class of differential equation : $$\...
14
votes
1
answer
480
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An elementary expression for $_3F_2(1,1,9/4;2,2;-1)$
Consider the following series:
$$S=\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^n\ \Gamma\left(\frac{5}{4}+n\right)}{n^2\ \Gamma(n)}.$$
It can be expressed in terms of a hypergeometric function:
$$S=-\frac{5}{16}\...
14
votes
1
answer
783
views
Are there integral representations of the Mertens constant?
It is well-known that the Euler constant $$\gamma=\lim\limits_{n\to \infty}\biggl( \sum\limits_{k\le n}\dfrac{1}{k}-\ln{n}\biggr ) $$ has a bunch of integral representations, e.g. $$\gamma=-\int\...
13
votes
2
answers
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How to prove that $\int _0^\infty\frac{\text{arcsinh}^nx}{x^m}dx$ is a rational combination of zeta values?
For $n\ge m\ge 2$, define $$I(n,m):= \int _0^\infty\dfrac{\text{arcsinh}^nx}{x^m}dx$$ Computer algebra systems say that the indefinite integral can be expressed in terms of polylog functions (of ...
13
votes
3
answers
793
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Is there a closed form of $\int_0^\frac12\dfrac{\text{arcsinh}^nx}{x^m}dx$?
For naturals $n\ge m$, define
$$I(n,m):=\int_0^\frac12\dfrac{\text{arcsinh}^nx}{x^m}dx$$
with $\text{arcsinh}\ x=\ln(x+\sqrt{1+x^2} )$, so $\text{arcsinh} \frac12=\ln \frac{\sqrt{5}+1}2 $.
Is it ...
12
votes
2
answers
980
views
counting points on unit sphere mod p
Let $f(n)$ be the number of points on the unit sphere $x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1\; \pmod n$ with $x,y,z \in \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$
This is sequence A087784 in the Online Encyclopedia of Integer ...
11
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5
answers
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$\int^{\infty}_{0}x^{r +s- 1}(1 + x)^{-s}(1 + x^2)^{-\frac{rm}{2}}dx$
I'm trying to solve the integral
$\int^{\infty}_{0}x^{r +s- 1}(1 + x)^{-s}(1 + x^2)^{-\frac{rm}{2}}dx$,
where $s$, $r$ and $m$>1 are positive integers.
My question is whether a closed form ...
11
votes
2
answers
2k
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Difficult trigonometric integral
This question was also asked here and here.
I have faced some difficulties to do the following integral:
$$ I=\int_{0}^{2\pi}d\phi\int_{0}^{\pi}d\theta~\sin\theta\int_{0}^{\infty}dr~r^2\frac{3x^2y^...
11
votes
1
answer
428
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Closed Form for $\sum\limits_{n=-2a}^\infty(n+a){2a\choose-n}^4,~a\not\in\mathbb Z$
Do either $~S_4^+(a)~=~\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^\infty(n+a){2a\choose n}^4~$ or $~S_4^-(a)~=~\displaystyle\sum_{n=-2a}^\infty(n+a){2a\choose-n}^4~$ possess a meaningful closed form expression1 in terms ...
11
votes
2
answers
575
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New results on Chow's notion of closed-form numbers?
In an interesting article (available here), Timothy Chow proposes that a closed-form number be defined as an element of the smallest subfield of $\mathbb{C}$ that is closed under $\exp$ and a chosen ...
11
votes
1
answer
609
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Determinant of a certain Vandermonde matrix
Is there a closed form expression for the determinant of the $n\times n$ Vandermonde-type matrix
$$A = \left(\begin{array}{}
1&g_1 & x_1&g_1 x_1 & x_1^2&g_1 x_1^2 & \cdots &...
10
votes
2
answers
649
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On 12 cfracs: for Catalan's $K$, Gieseking's $\kappa$, and $\pi^2$, $\pi^3$, plus three for $\zeta(3)$ using Zagier's "six sporadic sequences"
I. Some functions
As these will be used in the continued fraction evaluations below, recall the Riemann zeta function $\zeta(s),$ and Dirichlet beta function $\beta(s),$
$$\beta(s) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty\...
9
votes
3
answers
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Why mpmath computes $\sum_{n=2}^\infty (-1)^n\log(n)=\log\left(\frac1 2 \sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi}\right)$
Working with precision 500 decimal digits, mpmath in sage computes:
$$\sum_{n=2}^\infty (-1)^n\log(n)=\log\left(\frac1 2 \sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi}\right).\tag{1}\label{1}$$
We believe the LHS of \eqref{1} ...
9
votes
1
answer
730
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Closed form for ₄F₃(n,n,n,2n;1+n,1+n,1+n;−1)
For positive integer $n$ the following value of a hypergeometric function
$$_4F_3(n,n,n,2n,1+n,1+n,1+n,-1)$$
based on the first few terms looks like
$$ R_1(n) + R_2(n) \pi^2$$
where $R_{1,2}(n)$ are ...
8
votes
1
answer
1k
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What is the value of this double sum in closed form?
I encountered the following double sum which requires an evaluation.
Is there a closed form for this?
$$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}k^{-1}}{(n+1)(n+2)}.$$
Incidentally, it ...
8
votes
3
answers
480
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Invertibility of specific function
This is my first post. I'm not a mathematician, just an electronics engineer who loves mathematics. In one of my projects, I arrived at the following function:
$$V\left(\varphi\right)=\frac{A\sqrt{\pi-...
8
votes
1
answer
987
views
Sum of subset of geometric series: a^2^n
The formula for 1 + a + a^2 + .... where 0 < a < 1 is $\frac{1}{1-a}$, but what if you wanted to sum only those where the exponent is a power of 2? That is,
$S = a + a^2 + a^4 + a^8 + \cdots$
...
8
votes
2
answers
1k
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Solution to $(A+x^2)e^x=B$ with Lambert W function
Is it possible to obtain a analytical solution for $(A+x^2)e^x=B$, where we want to solve for $x$ with $A,B$ as constants?
8
votes
2
answers
577
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On Zagier's missing continued fraction with multiple limits?
I. Zagier's continued fraction
As pointed out by Gorodetsky in his answer, Zagier evaluated the continued fractions associated with his six sporadic sequences excepting the one for $(-9,-3,-27)$. Let $...
8
votes
0
answers
271
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Closed form of the sum $\sum_{r\ge2}\frac{\zeta(r)}{r^2}$
Note: This question has been brought here from MSE.
I have been working on various sums involving the zeta function (which come up frequently in my research), and it turned out that many of them had ...
7
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4
answers
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Find a formula for the recurrent sequence $q_{n+1}=q_n(q_n+1)+1$
Find an analytic formula for the recurrent sequence $$q_{n+1}=q_n(q_n+1)+1,\;\;q_0\in\mathbb N.$$
(The question was asked on 03.05.2018 by M. Pratsovytyi, see page 109 of Volume 1 of the Lviv ...
7
votes
4
answers
492
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Is this closed-form summation a special case of known Lerch zeta function formulas?
With some Poisson summation manipulations (credit: Michał Pacholski) I have convinced myself of a closed form expression for this conditionally convergent series:
$$\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty \frac{e^{in\...
7
votes
3
answers
944
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Expectation of a simple function of multivariate gaussians iid rvs
I would like to compute analytically the following expected value:
$$ E\left( \frac{X_i^2}{\sum_j \lambda_j^2 X_j^2}\right) $$
where the $X_i \approx N(0,1)$ are iid.
It seems to be an elementary ...
7
votes
1
answer
488
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Experimental mathematics: how are floating point equations discovered/converted to exact equations?
the 2005 AMS article/survey on experimental mathematics[1] by Bailey/Borwein mentions many remarkable successes in the field including new formulas for $\pi$ that were discovered via the PSLQ ...
7
votes
1
answer
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How to find closed form for $\int_0^1 \frac{x}{x^2+1} \left(\ln(1-x) \right)^{n-1}dx$?
Here in my answer I got the real part for the polylogarithm function at $1+i$ for natural $n$
$$ \Re\left(\text{Li}_n(1+i)\right)=\left(\frac{-1}{4}\right)^{n+1}A_n-B_n $$
where
$$ B_n=\sum_{k=0}^{\...
7
votes
2
answers
411
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A method to generate solvable equations of degrees $p = 7, 13, 19, 31, 37,\dots$ using only cubics
I've always wondered if the DeMoivre method to generate an algebraic number $x_p$,
$$x_p = u_1^{1/p}+u_2^{1/p}$$
of degree $p$ using only quadratic roots $u_i$ could be generalized using cubic roots $...
7
votes
2
answers
667
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A second order nonlinear ODE
In my research (in differential geometry) I recently came across the following nonlinear second order ode:
$$\frac{f''(x)}{f'(x)}-\frac{2}{x}+\frac{f'(x)+1}{2f(x)-x-1}+\frac{f'(x)-1}{2f(x)+x}=0$$
It ...
7
votes
1
answer
406
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Convergence and Closed Form of an Integral Involving Bell Numbers
1. Does the following integral converge ?
$$\int_0^\infty \frac{b(x)}{B(x)} dx$$
where
$$b(x) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{n^x}{n^n} \qquad and \qquad B(x) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{n^x}{n!}$$
2. ...
7
votes
1
answer
495
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Simplifying Root of Unity Double Summation
Good afternoon. I have a particular summation,
$$\zeta_{n,k}(N)=\frac{k!}{N^{n+1-k}}\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}\binom{n}{j}w_N^{(j-k)i}$$
Here, the $w_N$ is the root of unity $w_N=e^\frac{2i\pi}{N}$...
6
votes
3
answers
906
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Any closed form for series like $F(x)=\sum\limits_{p=2}^{\infty}x^p,$ where $p$ is prime?
Any closed form for series like $$F(x)=\sum_{p=2}^{\infty}x^p,\quad p\text{ is prime}$$ or $$F(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}x^{i!}\quad ?$$
More generally, we can obtain a power series from decimal expansion ...
6
votes
2
answers
259
views
Asymptotics of error function integral with square root
I am interested in the asymptotics of the integral
$$I(a):=\int_0^\infty \sqrt{x}\operatorname{Erfc}(x+a)\,\mathrm{d}x$$
for $a>0$. I think that $I(a)$ should be decaying exponentially as $I(a)\...
6
votes
3
answers
728
views
Is there a closed formula for the generating function of some trinomial coefficients?
We learn in calculus how to obtain a sum of binomial coefficients $\frac{(2d)!}{(d!)^2}$ in terms of a generating function
$\sum_{d \geq 0} \frac{(2d)!}{(d!)^2} x^d$
by the Taylor series of $(1-4x)^...
6
votes
1
answer
251
views
On the continued fractions using Cooper's sequences $s_7,\, s_{10},\, s_{18}$ and the Zudilin-Cohen sequence
In a previous MO post, H. Cohen suggested Gorodetsky's 2021 paper which discussed $6+6+3=15$ "sporadic sequences". The first 6 are Zagier's sporadic sequences, the second 6 are by Almkvist-...
6
votes
0
answers
154
views
Fourier transformation of a distribution
We have no idea how to tackle the following Fourier transformation of a distribution:
$$
\lim_{\epsilon\to0^+}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\mathrm{d} t\int_{\mathbb{R}^{d-1}} \mathrm{d}^{d-1}\vec{r} e^{-\...
6
votes
0
answers
184
views
A class of symmetric functions
When attacking a symmetric problem via an asymmetric method, I encountered the following function: $$U_2(n, m) = \sum_{a = 0}^n\binom na (2^a + 2^{n - a})^m.$$
It is easy to see that this function is ...
6
votes
0
answers
197
views
Conjecture for a certain Cauchy-type determinant
Given the Cauchy-like matrix
$$
\mathbf X_M(q) = \left[ \frac{2}{\pi} \frac{
\Gamma\!\left(m - \frac{1}{2} \right)\Gamma\!\left(n + \frac{1}{2} \right)
}{
\Gamma(m)\,\Gamma(n)
}
\frac{m-\frac{3}{4}}
{\...
6
votes
0
answers
231
views
Closed form for 2D lattice sum
I am wondering if a closed form exists to the lattice sum
$$S(a)= \sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac 1 {(a^2+m^2+n^2)^{3/2}}$$
I am also interested in replacing $m^2+n^2$ with a ...
5
votes
2
answers
446
views
Closed form for $\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}{\alpha \choose j} {\beta \choose j}x^j$
As stated, I wonder if there is a closed form for the generating function $F_{\alpha,\beta}(x):=\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}{\alpha \choose j} {\beta \choose j}x^j$ where $\alpha,\beta \in\mathbb{N}$. Calling ...
5
votes
2
answers
1k
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Integral of a product between two normal distributions and a monomial
The integral of the product of two normal distribution densities can be exactly solved, as shown here for example.
I'm interested in compute the following integral (for a generic $n \in \mathbb{N}$):
$...
5
votes
2
answers
804
views
Random walk by simplex vertices
I apologize if this question is well-known, but I was unable to find it mentioned anywhere.
There exists a bug which moves around in $r$-space. The bug begins at the origin of this $r$-space. If the ...
5
votes
1
answer
246
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How to evaluate inverse Laplace transform of $e^{- \sqrt{s}} $ using series?
I tried to find an inverse Laplace transform by series as follows
$$ f(t)=L^{-1}_s\left(e^{-\sqrt{s}}\right)(t)=L^{-1}_s\left(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^k}{k!} s^{\frac{k}{2}}\right)(t)$$
and by ...