# Can Morley's theorem be generalized?

Morley's theorem states that in any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an equilateral triangle.

In a talk some years ago, David Rusin made the provocative claim that Morley's theorem is a rare example of a striking theorem that defies generalization. The first ideas that come to everyone's mind—passing to higher dimensions or hyperbolic geometry for example—don't work.

The proof by Alain Connes yields a mild generalization of sorts, but not a very satisfying one in my opinion. Wikipedia claims that there are "various generalizations" of Morley's theorem, but by this it seems to mean extensions of Morley's theorem, i.e., further equilateral triangles that one can construct. This is not what I would, strictly speaking, call a "generalization."

So is David Rusin correct?

Are there no satisfactory generalizations of Morley's theorem?

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Perhaps Morley's Theorem is the limit of generalization. Are there interesting specializations of Morley's Theorem in plane geometry? Gerhard "Ask Me About System Design" Paseman, 2012.04.11 –  Gerhard Paseman Apr 12 '12 at 6:10
I would guess that there's no reason to expect what you might call "poetry preserving" generalizations - ones that involve pretty analogues of trisections and equilateral triangles. But perhaps by first recasting Morley's theorem as some (big ugly) algebraic identity, one could then see the identity as a specialization of one even more complex. –  David Feldman Apr 12 '12 at 7:35

## 3 Answers

Please forgive me if you are aware of this result (as it is linked from the Wikipedia page, albeit in another context), but there is a paper by Richard K. Guy called "The lighthouse theorem, Morley & Malfatti—a budget of paradoxes" in the American Mathematical Monthly. The eponymous theorem could be considered a generalization of Morley's theorem:

Lighthouse Theorem. Two sets of $n$ lines at equal angular distances, one set through each of the points $B$, $C$, intersect in $n^2$ points that are the vertices of $n$ regular $n$-gons.

Naturally, it is not clear how this would qualify as a generalization, but the connecting observation is the following:

The Morley Miracle. The nine edges of the equilateral triangles of the Lighthouse Theorem for $n=3$ are the Morley lines of a triangle.

Properly, the Lighthouse Theorem should be enlarged to include enough observations to make this connection. For example, the $n^2$ lines of the $n$ regular $n$-gons form $n$ families of $\binom{n}{2}$ parallel lines; if $n$ is odd, then the $n$-gons are homothetic. Moreover, there is an angle duplication result that establishes the presence of the trisectors.

From Guy's point of view, the particularly pleasant appearance of Morley's theorem is due to the fact that $\binom{n}{2} = n$ for $n=3$. For comparison, the case $n=2$ is even simpler and may be regarded as the statement that the altitudes of a triangle concur. (The $n$ $n$-gons are an orthocentric system.) The case $n=4$ gives some properties of Malfatti circles. For all of these interpretations, Guy wrestles with the "paradox" that you recover theorems about a triangle even though you don't start with any triangles.

Again, my apologies if you're aware of all of this. I imagine you may be, in which case I justify my answer as simply too long for a comment!

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Thanks for this...it is very nice, and I was not aware of it! –  Timothy Chow Apr 22 '12 at 22:29

The generalization I was hoping for would start with: "Given any simplex in R^n, ..."; the case n=2 of this theorem would then be Morley's theorem.

I recall starting with a random tetrahedron in R^3 and trying a bunch of constructions looking for something regular to appear: I believe the variations I tried included trisecting and quadrisecting the dihedral angles, and drawing a few sets of regularly-spaced rays out of each vertex. Any three planes, any ray-plane pair, and occasional pairs of rays provide points of intersection, but I don't recall finding even any isosceles triangles among those points of intersection. Perhaps I miscalculated (or am mis-remembering)?

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Morley originally found this theorem as a trivial case of much more complicated theorems. Anyone who says this theorem defies generalization is really just saying that they are unaware of its history.

See Oakley and Baker's 1978 paper for extensive discussion of Morley's theorem and over 100 references.

See also this question and answer, somewhat similar in spirit to the present question.

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What were these more complicated theorems? –  Gjergji Zaimi Jun 29 '12 at 6:04