# Are piecewise linear curves dense among Hölder curves?

Consider for some $0 < \alpha \le 1$ the space functions $x:[0,1] \to \mathbb{R}^n$ such that $x(0) = 0$ and $\sup_{s,t} \frac{\|f(t)-f(s)\|}{|t-s|^{\alpha}}$ is finite.

There are at least two reasonable norms defined on this space. The first is the Hölder norm which is just the supremum above. Another is the $1/\alpha$-variation which is the supremum over all partitions $t_0 = 0 \le t_1 \le \cdots \le t_r = 1$ of $\left(\sum_{i=0}^{r-1}|f(t_{i+1}) - f(t_i)|^{1/\alpha}\right)^\alpha$.

Let us fix $\alpha= \frac{1}{2}$ and $x(t) = \sqrt{t}$ and suppose $y:[0,1] \to \mathbb{R}$ is piecewise linear with $y(0) = 0$. It follows easily that $\lim_{t\to 0}\frac{\|x(t)-y(t)\|}{\sqrt{t}} = 1$.

This implies that there is no sequence of piecewise linear approximations to $x$ in Hölder norm.

However, it's not too hard to show that $x$ can be approximated in $2$-variation by piecewise linear functions.

My question is the following: Are piecewise linear functions dense among $1/2$-Hölder functions in the $2$-variation sense?

I'm also interested in the same question replacing piecewise linear functions by smooth functions.

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No. You can easily design a Lip-$\alpha$ function such that the variation norm remains large when measured on arbitrarily fine partitions: $f(x)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty 10^{-\alpha n}cos(10^n x)$ is the classical example. However, the variation norm of any Lipschitz functions tends to $0$ if you restrict the partition interval size. –  fedja Mar 18 '12 at 1:43
@fedja Thanks! –  Pablo Lessa Mar 18 '12 at 14:55

To expand on fedja's comment :

For $p>1$, a function $f$ on $[0,1]$ is in the $p$-variation closure of smooth functions $C^{0,p-var}$ iff

$$\lim_{\delta \rightarrow 0}\;\;\; \sup_{\substack{0=t_0<\ldots< t_m=1 \\\ |t_{i+1}-t_i|\leq\delta}} \sum (f(t_{i+1})-f(t_i))^p = 0. \label{rel}$$

Then the function $g(x) = \sum_{i \geq 1} c^{-i/p} \sin(c^i x)$ is $(1/p)$-Hölder, but does not satisfy this relation (for $c$ large enough).

Note that any continuous function of finite $q$-variation, for some $q< p$ (such as your square root example), is in $C^{0,p-var}$.

For $p=1$, $C^{0,1-var}$ is the space of absolutely continuous functions.

You can find these results e.g. in Subsection 5.3.3 of Friz&Victoir "Multidimensional stochastic processes as rough paths" (pdf)

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@pgassiat +1 for giving a reference. Thanks! –  Pablo Lessa Mar 18 '12 at 15:19