# What manifolds are bounded by RP^odd?

Real projective spaces ℝPn have ℤ/2 cohomology rings ℤ/2[x]/(xn+1) and total Stiefel-Whitney class (1+x)n+1 which is 1 when n is odd, so it follows that odd dimensional ones are boundaries of compact (n+1)-manifolds. My question is: are there any especially nice constructions of these (n+1)-manifolds?

I'm especially interested in the case n=3. I believe we can get an explicit example of a 4-manifold bound by ℝP3 using Rokhlin/Lickorish-Wallace but it doesn't look like that would generalize to higher dimensions at all easily. Are there a lot of different 4-manifolds with this property?

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$\mathbb RP^3$ double-covers the lens space $L_{4,1}$, so it's the boundary of the mapping cylinder of that covering map.

In general $\mathbb RP^n$ for $n$ odd double-covers such a lens space. So in general $\mathbb RP^n$ is the boundary of a pretty standard $I$-bundle over the appropriate lens space. To be specific, define the general $L_{4,1}$ as $S^{2n-1} / \mathbb Z_4$ where $Z_4 \subset S^1$ are the 4-th roots of unity, and we're using the standard action of the unit complex numbers on an odd dimensional sphere $S^{2n-1} \subset \mathbb C^n$.

Edit: generalizing Tim's construction, you have the fiber bundle $S^1 \to S^{2n-1} \to \mathbb CP^{n-1}$. This allows you to think of $S^{2n-1}$ as the boundary of the tautological $D^2$-bundle over $\mathbb CP^{n-1}$. You can mod out the whole bundle by the antipodal map and you get $\mathbb RP^{2n-1}$ as the boundary of the disc bundle over $\mathbb CP^{n-1}$ with Euler class $2$. So this gives you an orientable manifold bounding $\mathbb RP^{2n-1}$ while my previous example was non-orientable.

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Both answers are very nice. –  Greg Kuperberg Dec 14 '09 at 6:10
Is there a standard reference explaining why the mapping cylinders are smooth manifolds with boundary? Also, what do you mean by "I-bundle"? –  Jason DeVito Feb 8 '10 at 20:57
You can prove it directly, avoiding the need for a reference. The automorphism group of $I$ is $\mathbb Z_2$, so the classifying space for $I$-bundles is $B\mathbb Z_2=\mathbb RP^\infty$, a map $M\to \mathbb RP^\infty$ is an element of $H^1(M;\mathbb Z_2)$. Then ask yourself how you classify 2-sheeted covers of $M$, these are index-two subgroups of $\pi_1 M$, which correspond to epi-morphisms $\pi_1 M \to \mathbb Z_2$ which factor through $H_1 M$, so these are also elements of $H^1(M;\mathbb Z_2)$ then you connect the dots. –  Ryan Budney Feb 8 '10 at 21:58
Oh, $I$-bundle means a fibre bundle over a space, with fibre an interval ($I$). Since $Homeo(I)$, $Diff(I)$, $Aut_{PL}(I)$ all have the homotopy-type of $\mathbb Z_2$, you can assume the structure group is $\mathbb Z_2$. –  Ryan Budney Feb 8 '10 at 22:22
I can't believe I didn't realize that "I" stood for "interval". Thanks for the clarification! –  Jason DeVito Feb 9 '10 at 1:50

$\mathbb{RP}^3$ is the unit (co)tangent bundle to $S^2$. Thus it bounds the disc bundle in $TS^2$. Alternatively, any time you have a 2-sphere of self-intersection $\pm 2$ in a closed 4-manifold - for example, any Lagrangian sphere in a symplectic 4-manifold - you get a splitting into two pieces along an $\mathbb{RP}^3$. So, you could consider the diagonal $S^2$ in $S^2\times S^2$, for instance.

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Take the complex surface $Z_1 ^2 + Z_2 ^2 + Z_3^2 =1$ in complex 3-space, $C^3$ and intersect it with the ball
$|Z_1|^2 + |Z_2|^2 + |Z_3|^2 \le 1$ to get an explicit 4-manifold with boundary embedded in $C^3$ whose boundary is $RP^3$, realized by intersecting the complex surface with the 5-sphere $|Z_1|^2 + |Z_2|^2 + |Z_3|^2 = 1$ To verify, split $Z_a = x_a + i y_a$ into its real and imaginary parts $x_a, y_a$, do a bit of algebra and see that the hypersurface is diffeomorphic to the tangent bundle of the standard two-sphere $S^2$, that two-sphere being realized within $(x_1, x_2, x_3)$ space by setting the $y_a = 0$. (I've heard this complex surface called the hypersphere' or complex sphere' or some such.) Intersecting the hypersurface with the 5-ball $|Z_1|^2 + |Z_2|^2 + |Z_3|^2 \le 1$ is the same as taking the disc bundle of Tim Penultz's construction. Setting $|Z_1|^2 + |Z_2|^2 + |Z_3|^2 = 1$ within the hypersurface is the $RP^3$ which bounds the 4-manifold. So, you can take your 4-manifold to be a Stein domain'' in standard $C^3$.

Even more explicitly, with a CR-aside:

After some rescalings, this embedding of $RP^3$ is essentially Rossi's example of an analytic CR structure on the three-sphere which admits no CR embedding into any $C^n$. Consider the map from $C^2$ to $C^3$ given by $$Z_1 = i[ (z^2 + w^2) + t (\bar z ^2 + \bar w ^2)]$$ $$Z_2 = [ (z^2 - w^2) - t (\bar z ^2 - \bar w ^2)]$$ $$Z_3 = 2 [ zw - t \bar z \bar w]$$ where $t$ is real and $i = \sqrt{-1}$. A computation shows that $Z_1 ^2 + Z_2 ^2 + Z_3^2 =-4 t (|z|^2 + |w|^2)^2$ while $|Z_1|^2 + |Z_2|^2 + |Z_3|^2 = 2(1 + t^2)(|z|^2 + |w|^2)^2$ It follows that the image of the standard $S^3$ in $C^2$ is the complex hypersurface $Z_1 ^2 + Z_2 ^2 + Z_3^2 =-4 t$ intersected with the 5-ball
$|Z_1|^2 + |Z_2|^2 + |Z_3|^2 = 2(1 + t^2)$. Since the map $(z, w) \to (Z_1, Z_2, Z_3)$ is $2:1$ restricted to $S^3$, its image is $RP^3$.

Rossi's no CR embedding' assertion for $t \ne 0$ relates to the induced CR structure on $S^3$ (via the pull-back of its image's CR structure). When $t \ne 0$ every CR function for this CR structure on $S^3$ is an analytic function of these $Z_i (z,w)$'s, and hence is invariant under the antipodal map $(z,w) \to (-z, -w)$. Thus the CR functions for thesetwisted' CR structures on $S^3$ cannot separate (antipodal) points and hence the $S^3$ cannot be CR-embedded.

It is a fun fact that all left-invariant CR structures on $SU(2) = S^3$ arise this way, with the standard CR structure corresponding to $t = 0$.

some references:

H. Rossi, Attaching analytic spaces to an analytic space along a pseudoconcave boundary. 1965 Proc. Conf. Complex Analysis (Minneapolis, 1964) pp. 242–256, Springer, Berlin.

D. Burns, Global behavior of some tangential Cauchy-Riemann equations in “Partial Differential Equations and Geometry” (Proc. Conf., Park City, Utah, 1977); Dekker, New York, 1979, p. 51.

E. Falbel, Non-embeddable CR-manifolds and Surface Singularities. Invent. Math. 108 (1992), No. 1, 49-65.

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