# The maximal “nearly convex” function

The following problem is only tangently related to my present work, and I do not have any applications. However, I am curious to know the solution -- or even to see a lack thereof, indicating that the problem may be worth a serious research.

Let $\mathcal F$ denote the class of all functions $f\colon[0,1]\to{\mathbb R}$ satisfying the inequality $$f(tx+(1-t)y) \le tf(x) + (1-t)f(y) + |y-x|, \ x,y,t \in [0,1]$$ and the boundary condition $\max\{f(0),f(1)\}\le 0$.

Substituting $x=0$ and $y=1$, we see that all functions from $\mathcal F$ are uniformly bounded from above by $1$, and we let $$F(x) := \sup \{ f(x)\colon f\in {\mathcal F} \}.$$ An interesting observation is that the function $F$ itself belongs to $\mathcal F$; hence, it is the pointwise maximal function of this class. What is this function, explicitly?

It is not difficult to see that $F$ is continuous on $[0,1]$, symmetric around $x=1/2$, positive on $(0,1)$, and vanishing at $x=0$ and $x=1$. Substituting $t=x$ and $y=0$ and renaming the variables in the resulting estimate gives $F(x)\le 2\sqrt x$; hence, indeed, $$F(x) \le \min\{2\sqrt x,1,2\sqrt{1-x} \}.$$ On the other hand, the functions $\min\{4x,1,4(1-x)\}$ and $ex\ln(1/x)$ belong to $\mathcal F$, implying $$F(x) \ge \min\{4x,1,4(1-x)\}$$ and $$F(x) \ge \max \{ ex\ln(1/x), e(1-x)\ln(1/(1-x))\},$$ for all $x\in[0,1]$.

The graphs of the bounding functions in the right-hand sides:

(Thus, the graph of $F$ resides somewhere between the highest of the green curves and the red curve.)

Comparing the estimates, we see that $F(x)=1$ for $x\in[1/4,3/4]$, and $0<F(x)<1$ for $x\in(0,1/4)$ and also for $x\in(3/4,1)$. I have more estimates and observations of this sort. Say, I can show that if $x=e^{-k}$, then $F(x)=ex\ln(1/x)$; that is, $F(e^{-k})=ke^{1-k}$ for $k\ge 2$. Another funny fact is that for any function $f\in{\mathcal F}$ (and in particular for the function $f=F$) one has $$f(tx+(1-t)y) \le tf(x) + (1-t)f(y) + F(t)|y-x|, \ x,y,t \in [0,1].$$ However, with all these partial results and rather tight bounds, so far I was unable to find $F(x)$ in general. Any ideas?

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Choosing a finite subdivision $0=x_0<x_1<\dots<x_n=1/4$, setting $y_0=0,y_n=1$ and writing all possible inequalities for the function $\{x_0,\dots,x_n\}\longmapsto \mathbb R_{\geq 0}$ defined by $f(x_i)=y_i$, the largest possible value $y_i$ (which can be computed by the simplex algorithm) of the solution polytope (defined by $y_i\geq 4x_i$ and all possible inequalities given by the problem) is an upper bound for $F(x_i)$ (and converges to $F(x_i)$ if $\max_i(x_{i+1}-x_i\longrightarrow 0$). –  Roland Bacher Feb 10 '12 at 13:35

It may be a little uncommon to post an answer to one's own question, but for a good record-keeping I think it is worth mentioning that a complete and very explicit answer is now known. The function in question is given by $$F(x) = \min \{ k\|x\|^{1-1/k}\colon k\ge 1 \},$$ where $k$ runs over all positive integers, and $\|x\|=\min\{x,1-x\}$. The graph of this function looks like this: