# When does regularity of the base scheme imply regularity of the top scheme?

My problem is the following:

I have a finite surjective morphism $f: X\rightarrow Y$ of noetherian schemes and know that $Y$ is a regular scheme. (Indeed, in my situation, the two schemes are topologically the same and the arrow is topologically the identity.)

I don't know if $f$ is étale or smooth. But I know that $f$ has a section.

I want to conclude somehow that $X$ is also a regular scheme. What further minimal conditions (on $f$ or $X$) would imply this?

I would be glad about just some hints of what one could do here.

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Is f the Frobenius, in the special case you are interested in? – Mahdi Majidi-Zolbanin Feb 4 '12 at 17:24
Is the morphism $f$ birational? If so, I recommend you look up "Zariski's Main Theorem". – Jason Starr Feb 4 '12 at 17:27
The only other thing I know of is Theorem 23.7 in Matsumura's Commutative Ring Theory where they prove the result for flat with regular closed fiber. – Karl Schwede Feb 4 '12 at 18:12
In characteristic 2, the following inclusion is flat $$k[x^2] \subseteq k[x^2, x^3]$$ although and although $k[x^2]$ is regular, $k[x^2,x^3]$ is not. There is no section, although there is a map from $X = \text{Spec} k[x^2]$ to $Y = \text{Spec} k[x^2,x^3]$ such that the composition with $Y \to X$ is the Frobenius. – Karl Schwede Feb 4 '12 at 18:22

I may be misunderstanding the question, but it seems rather straightforward to me.

a) As stated, without assuming, that $X$ is, say, reduced, it is certainly false: Let $X=\mathrm{Spec}k[\varepsilon]=k[x]/(x^2)$, $Y=\mathrm{Spec} k$ and $f:X\to Y$ the structure map of $X$ as a $Y$-scheme. This is obviously a homeomorphism topologically and it has a section that maps $Y$ isomorphically to $X_{\mathrm{red}}$.

b) It seems to me that pretty much this is the only thing that can go wrong: If $f$ has a section, then by definition of a section, $Y$ is isomorphic to the image of the section.

As $Y$ is regular, it is necessarily reduced, so if $f$ is one-to-one, then $f$ and the section induce an isomorphism between $Y$ and $X_{\mathrm{red}}$. So, if $X$ is reduced, the statement is true, if $X$ is not reduced, then the question is whether there exists a morphism $X\to X_{\mathrm{red}}$ that's an isomorphism on $X_{\mathrm{red}}$. The above example shows that this can happen, so some assumption is required to rule out this possibility.

If $f$ is not one-to-one, something similar would still happen. The section would still induce an isomorphism between $Y$ and the image of the section which would have to be an irreducible component of $X_{\mathrm{red}}$. On the other hand, in this case you would probably want to assume that $X$ and $Y$ are irreducible, since otherwise you can just add an additional component that screws things up. However, then (assuming that $X$ is irreduciblke) this implies that $Y\simeq X_{\mathrm{red}}$ and you end up in the previous case again.

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Here is a possible affirmative answer. At any point $P\in X$, write $f_P^{\#}$ for the induced local homomorphism of stalks $\mathcal{O}_{Y,f(P)}\rightarrow\mathcal{O}_{X,P}$. Assume:

1. $X$ is Cohen-Macaulay;
2. At any point $P\in X$, we have: $\dim \mathcal{O}_{X,P}=\dim {\mathcal{O}}_{{Y,f(P)}}+\dim (\mathcal{O}_{X,P}/f_P^{\#}(\mathfrak{m}_{f(P)}){\mathcal{O}}_{{X,P}})$.
3. At any point $P\in X$, the ring $\mathcal{O}_{X,P}/f_P^{\#}(\mathfrak{m}_{f(P)}){\mathcal{O}}_{{X,P}}$ is regular.

Then 1) and 2), and the assumption that $Y$ is regular imply that for every $P\in X$, $f_P^{\#}$ is flat (see, e.g., Matsumura, Commutative ring theory, Theorem 23.1, p. 179). This flatness plus condition 3) plus the assumption that $Y$ is regular imply that $X$ is also regular (see, e.g., Matsumura, Commutative ring theory, Theorem 23.7, p. 182).

I don't know if conditions 1)-3) are satisfied in the case you are considering, but maybe you can say more about your special case.

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