# Least-squares regression and differential geometry

For $k, n \in \mathbb{N}$, let $\mathcal{C}_n \mathbb{R}^k$ denote the configuration space of $n$ distinct points in $\mathbb{R}^k$.

• (1) Is there a description of the tangent space $T_C \mathcal{C}_n \mathbb{R}^k$ in terms of the configuration $C$?

Equipping $\mathbb{R}^k$ with the usual metric, a regression line $l_C$ of a collection $C \in \mathcal{C}_n \mathbb{R}^k$ is a line minimizing the quantity $E_C = \sum\limits_{p \in C} d(p, l_C)^2.$ We can see this as variational problem $E_C: M^k \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ where $M^k$ is the parameter space of all lines in $\mathbb{R}^k$.

• (2) Is there an explicit parametrization of $M^k$?

Without this knowledge, I'm not sure how to proceed to check whether $E_C$ is a Morse function.

[Note for $k=2$: given $C \in \mathcal{C}_n \mathbb{R}^k$, since $n<\infty$ we can always find an angle $\theta$ such that a rotation of our axes by $\theta$ yields coordinates $(x,y)$ on $\mathbb{R}^2$ for which the $x$-values of the $p \in C$ are all distinct, bringing us back to function-fitting and the usual least-squares regression which minimizes only the distances in the $y$ direction.]

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a quick note (this is presumably known to the OP): this is NOT the usual least squares regression, which minimizes the sum of squares of the $y$-displacements of the points with respect to the fit line. –  Igor Rivin Jun 6 '11 at 0:58
thanks for the clarification - I've made the appropriate edits above –  Alexander Moll Jun 6 '11 at 3:18

By calculus, the line $l_C$ is 'the' major axis of the ellipse of inertia of the finite point set $C$. (The reason for the quotes around 'the' in the previous sentence is that, if the ellipse of inertia is a circle, then $l_C$ is not well-defined; any line through the center of mass will minimize $E_C$.) I'm not sure what more 'intuitive' description you want, especially given that the map is not well-defined everywhere. (It is easy to see that you couldn't get a unique line in every case. For example, take the 3 vertices of an equilateral triangle.)

What you are asking for in the second part is just finding a direction so that orthogonal projection onto a line in that direction won't send any two of the points to the same point. To do this, it suffices to note that the vectors joining pairs are a finite set of directions, so you just choose a direction that is not orthogonal to any of those directions and you are done.

Finally, I don't see that going to the 1-point compactification of the plane is going to be useful in this problem, so asking about describing the lines as circles on the 2-sphere doesn't seem to be germane.

Added later: After this response, Alexander changed the question from one about lines in the plane ($k=2$) to lines in $\mathbb{R}^k$. The question about whether $E_C$ is a Morse function on $M^k$ in general has the answer 'no' when the ellipsoid of inertia of $C$ does not have $k$ distinct eigen-axes and 'yes' when it does. (The critical points are on the $(k{-}1)$-sphere of lines through the center of mass of $C$.)

Since $\mathcal{C}_n\mathbb{R}^k$ is an isometric $S_n$-quotient of an open subset of the product of $\mathbb{R}^k$ with itself $n$ times, the usual description of the tangent space applies, so there's nothing more to say about that, I guess.

As for $M_k$, the space of lines in $\mathbb{R^k}$ this can be described by starting with the double cover $\tilde M_k$ consisting of the oriented lines in $\mathbb{R}^k$. This latter space is essentially the tangent bundle of $S^{k-1}$, which consists of pairs $(u,v)$ with $u\in S^{k-1}$ and $v\in\mathbb{R}^k$ satisfying $u\cdot v = 0$. The idea is that $u$ is the direction of the line and $v$ is its point of closest approach to the origin. Thus, the line is parametrized in the form $v + t u$. Now, to get $M_k$, you divide by the relation $(u,v)\simeq (-u,v)$.

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Thank you for the response - funnily enough, I've been working through Arnold's book on mechanics, and the ellipsoid of inertia is only a handful of pages in my future! I've edited the original statement accordingly - my main interest is in a description of the space $M^k$ and, if a parametrization isn't easy to write down, whether the collection of all $E_C$ might help describe that space. –  Alexander Moll Jun 6 '11 at 5:48
again, great comments - thank you for your help! –  Alexander Moll Jun 6 '11 at 15:09