# Connectedness of Centralizers in $GL_n$

I was wondering if there is any obvious reason or quick proof that for every $g\in GL_n$ the centralizer $Z_{GL_n}(g)$ is connected. Also I wanted to see why for any semisimple $s\in Sp_{2n}$ the centralizer $Z_{Sp_{2n}}(s)$ is connected. Thanks.

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Milne, ALA ( jmilne.org/math/CourseNotes/ala.html ), I, Exercise 18-1: "Use the criterion (18.1) to show that the centralizer of a torus in a connected algebraic group is connected." Now the question is whether you can find, for your element $g$ or $s$, a torus which has the same centralizer as the element. Probably something like the closure of the set of powers of $g$ (rsp. $s$)? –  darij grinberg May 16 '11 at 15:09
Thanks to Brian Conrad for explaining me why the procedure I proposed in the comment above doesn't work. The closure of the set of powers of $g$ needs not be a torus. –  darij grinberg May 17 '11 at 18:52

Centralizers of arbitrary elements in a general linear group (over an arbitrary algebraically closed field) are connected for an easy reason: the centralizer in the space of $n \times n$ matrices is just a subspace, while the centralizer in $GL_n$ is a principal open set in this affine space (nonzeros of the determinant polynomial) and hence also connected.

Symplectic or other semisimple groups require a much more subtle approach, though there may well be a fairly direct approach in the symplectic case (at least in characteristic 0). A basic theorem due to Springer and Steinberg states: In a connected and simply connected semisimple algebraic group, over an arbitrary algebraically closed field, the centralizer of every semisimple element is connected. This theorem is still waiting for a really transparent proof, but it's written up in Chapter 2 of my 1995 AMS book Conjugacy Classes in Semisimple Algebraic Groups following Steinberg's papers and Tata lecture notes. (For the general linear case above, see 1.2 in that book.)

P.S. Maybe I should emphasize that I'm using algebraic group language, in the spirit of the tag here, so that a closed connected subgroup corresponds to having an underlying irreducible affine variety structure: the regular functions form a domain. Over $\mathbb{C}$ this notion of "connected" agrees with the topological one (and similarly the algebraic notion of "simply connected" agrees with the topological one in the case of semisimple groups), as shown by Chevalley and Borel. But working over $\mathbb{R}$ is more complicated.

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Interesting; Milne defines "connected" as "no quotient is a nontrivial finite group". Is this equivalent? –  darij grinberg May 16 '11 at 17:26
Milne's discussion of connectedness is much more elaborate than this (see his Chapter 13), while his overall framework for "algebraic groups" is much broader than the older Borel-Chevalley theory of linear algebraic groups. So it's important to be careful with the terminology when comparing his treatment with earlier sources. –  Jim Humphreys May 16 '11 at 20:59
Jim, is it somehow obvious that principle open sets in affine varieties are connected? –  HNuer May 17 '11 at 10:08
Sorry, now I understand, this is a linear subspace, and thus isomorphic to some affine space. Since affine spaces are irreducible any non-empty open set in them is irreducible (in particular principle open affines) and thus connected. Thanks for the suggestion. –  HNuer May 17 '11 at 10:34
@HNuer: The argument for general linear groups or centralizers to be connected just requires showing that the underlying affine variety is irreducible. (The algebra of regular functions on a principal open set is a nice subalgebra of the field of fractions of a polynomial algebra.) @darij: I didn't answer directly your question about Milne's early definition of "connected" (assuming characteristic 0), which is based on a lot of structure theory one wants to develop. There's a long history of comparing abstract group notions with algebraic group notions (Chevalley, Borel-Tits, ...) –  Jim Humphreys May 17 '11 at 15:14

I'll assume you're working with the abstract group $GL_n(\mathbb{C})$. Probably you could do a similar thing with algebraic groups. Let $\lambda$ be a complex number whose argument is different from the arguments of any of the eigenvalues of $g$. Then the straight line from $g$ to $-\lambda I_n$ lies wholly in $Z_{GL_n}(g)$. It is then easy to connect $-\lambda I_n$ to $I_n$ in $ZGL_n\subseteq Z_{GL_n}(g)$.

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