# How can we detect the existence of almost-complex structures?

Any smooth $k$-manifold $M$ comes with a well-defined map $f:M\rightarrow BGL_{k}(\mathbb{R})$ (up to homotopy) classifying its tangent bundle. Since $GL_{k}(\mathbb{R})$ deformation-retracts onto $O_k$, then $BGL_{k}(\mathbb{R})\simeq BO_k$, which is a cute way (though it's certainly overkill) of proving that every smooth manifold admits a Riemannian metric. An almost-complex structure, on the other hand, is equivalent to a reduction of the structure group from $GL_{2n}(\mathbb{R})$ to $GL_n(\mathbb{C})$, which is the same as asking for a lift of the classifying map through $BU_n\simeq BGL_n(\mathbb{C})\rightarrow BGL_{2n}(\mathbb{R})$.

Can we detect the nonexistence of a lift entirely using characteristic classes? If not, what else goes into the classification?

I'd imagine these don't suffice themselves. I know that $w_{2n}(TM) \equiv_2 c_n(TM)$, so this holds in the universal case $H^\ast(BO_{2n};\mathbb{Z}/2) \rightarrow H^\ast(BU_n;\mathbb{Z}/2)$. And certainly there are necessary conditions like $w_1(TM)=0$ (which of course just means that $TM$ is an orientable bundle, which is the same as asking that $M$ be an orientable manifold). But I have no idea of what sufficient conditions would look like. I've heard that this problem is indeed solved. Maybe it takes some characteristic class & cohomology operation gymnastics, or maybe it even needs extraordinary characteristic classes. Or maybe there's yet another ingredient in the classification?

Edit: Apparently I misquoted my source, and this is only known stably (which makes sense, in light of Joel's answer and Tom's comments on it).

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Since this is a lifting problem, there are the standard cohomological obstructions (as in Hatcher Section 4.3). But that's not really an answer to the question you asked. –  Dan Ramras Apr 29 '11 at 17:05

Edit: Now updated to include reference and slightly more general result. Edit 2: Includes remark about integrability.

Similar to Francesco Polizzi's answer, there is the following Theorem concerning 6-manifolds.

A closed oriented 6-dimensional manifold $X$ without 2-torsion in $H^3(X,\mathbb{Z})$ admits an almost complex structure. There is a 1-1 correspondence between almost complex structures on $X$ and the integral lifts $W \in H^2(X, \mathbb{Z})$ of $w_2(X)$. The Chern classes of the almost complex structure corresponding to $W$ are given by $c_1 = W$ and $c_2 = (W^2 - p_1(X))/2$.

In fact, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an almost complex structure is that $w_2(X)$ maps to zero under the Bockstein map $H^2(X,\mathbb{Z}_2) \to H^3(X,\mathbb{Z})$.

I think the reason for results such as this and the one mentioned by Francesco is the following. To find an almost complex structure amounts to finding a section of a bundle over $X$ with fibre $F_n=SO(2n)/U(n)$. The obstructions to such a section existing lie in the homology groups $H^{k+1}(X, \pi_k(F_n))$. When $n$ is small I would guess we can compute these homotopy groups and so have a good understanding of the obstructions. For example, in the case mentioned above, n=3, $F_n = \mathbb{CP}^3$ and so the only non-trivial homotopy group which concerns us is $\pi_2 \cong \mathbb{Z}$. This is what leads to the above necessary and sufficient condition concerning 2-torsion. On the other hand when $n$ is large I don't know what $F_n$ looks like, let alone its homotopy groups...

For the proof of the above mentioned result see the article "Cubic forms and complex 3-folds" by Okonek and Van de Ven. (I highly recommend this article, it's full of interesting facts about almost complex and complex 3-folds.)

It is worth pointing out that in real dimension 6 or higher there is no known obstruction to the existence of an integrable complex structure. In other words, there is no known example of a manifold of dimension 6 or higher which has an almost complex structure, but not a genuine complex structure. By the classification of compact complex surfaces, those 4-manifolds admitting integrable complex structures are well understood.

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A couple of comments about the spaces $O_{2n}/U_n$ that Joel Fine mentions: 1. $O_{2n+2}/U_{n+1}\cong O_{2n+1}/U_n$ is a bundle over $O_{2n+1}/O_{2n}=S^{2n}$ with fiber $O_{2n}/U_n$, making $O_{2n+2}/U_{n+1}$ a kind of twisted product of the spheres $S^0$, $S^2$, $S^4$, ... , $S^{2n}$ (although this doesn't give you a lot of insight right away into the homotopy groups). –  Tom Goodwillie Apr 30 '11 at 12:29
2. The limiting space $O/U$ is something whose homotopy groups are known. It is part of the story of Bott periodicity: it is in fact homotopy equivalent to $\Omega O$. So the obstruction to putting a <i>stable</i> complex structure on a given real vector bundle is some kind of real $K$-theory class. –  Tom Goodwillie Apr 30 '11 at 12:29
Thanks! I like the homotopy theory in here. By way, just to clarify: when you say there is no known obstruction ..., do you mean that there are no almost-complex manifolds that are known not to admit complex structures? The Nijenhuis tensor is supposed to tell us about any particular almost-complex structure that we happen to care about, if I understand correctly. –  Aaron Mazel-Gee May 3 '11 at 8:45
Yep that's right: there is no known example of a manifold of dimension 6 or higher which admits an almost complex structure but does not admit a complex structure. I agree my original wording was very poor, so I've changed it so it actually makes sense! –  Joel Fine May 3 '11 at 20:44
@Tom For obstruction theory we need $\pi_k(O_2n/U_n)$ only for $k<n$. Aren't they in the stable range already? (So unstable problem seems to be equivalent to the stable one?..) –  Grigory M Jun 26 '11 at 10:05

If $M$ is a $4$-manifold, the existence of an almost-complex structure can be often detected by using the following result due to Wu:

Theorem. A $4$-manifold $M$ admits an almost-complex structure $J$ if and only if there exists $h \in H^2(M, \mathbb{Z})$ such that

$h^2=3 \sigma(X)+2 \chi(X) \quad \textrm{and} \quad h \equiv w_2(X) (\ \textrm{mod} \ 2).$

In this case $h=c_1(M, J).$

See Gompf-Stipsicz, "4-manifolds and Kirby calculus", p. 30 for more details.

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