# How does the group algebra look as a Lie algebra

It's probably a well known question, so it is just a reference question. Let $G$ be a finite group and let $C[G]$ be a group algebra. Then we can define a bracket on $C[G]$ by $[f,h]=f*h-h*f$. What does $C[G]$ look like as a Lie algebra? When is it solvable?

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$kG$ is often isomorphic to or closely related to the restricted enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra (I'm thinking of Quillen's version of Jennings' theorem). This raises the question of what the (restricted) enveloping algebra $U(L)$ looks like when you regard it as a Lie algebra in this way. It obviously has $L$ and the trivial 1d Lie algebra as subalgebras, but there's much more... –  Matthew Towers Apr 3 '11 at 18:39
@mt: Restricted enveloping algebras are finite dimensional but arise only in prime characteristic. So your observations lead in another direction. –  Jim Humphreys Apr 3 '11 at 19:46

Assuming that your ground field $K$ has characteristic prime to the order of $G$. Then the group ring is a seminsimple algebra. Therefore, $C[G]=\bigoplus_{i=1}^{r} Mat_{n_i}(R_i)$ is a direct sum of matrix algebras, where $R_i$ is a finite-dimensional division ring over $K$. All this is very classical and nicely explained in Procesis book on Lie groups.

Thus the Lie algebra is a sum of general linear Lie algebras over division rings. If $K$ is $\mathbb{C}$, then $R_i=\mathbb{C}$. So the Lie algebra is solvable iff all $n_i$ are $1$ (this happens iff $G$ is abelian).

For $\mathbb{R}$, you also get the quaternions. For fields like $\mathbb{Q}$ or finite characteristic dividning the order of $G$, the story is going to be way more complicated and interesting.

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Maybe you could look at the following paper:

Ivan Marin, Group algebras of finite groups as Lie algebras

http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.0074

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This paper is limited to fields characteristic 0 (even assuming the ground field is a splitting field for the finite group), but also considers compact groups more generally and discusses a fairly broad related agenda. (The paper appeared in 2010 in Comm. Algebra.) –  Jim Humphreys Apr 3 '11 at 19:44
Thanks it sounds intersting –  Klim Efremenko Apr 3 '11 at 21:28

There is an interesting proof by Brauer of the fact that when $G$ is a finite group and $F$ is an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic $p$, then the number of simple $FG$ modules is the number of conjugacy classes of elements of $G$ of order prime to $p.$ This proof has a definite Lie Algebras flavour to it (and can be found in Curtis and Reiner, Representation Theory of Finite Groups and Associative Algebras,Wiley,1962).

In this proof, Brauer sets $A = FG$, and considers the $F$-subspace $K(A)$, which is the $F$-span of $\{ab - ba: a,b \in A \}.$ It is relatively easy to see that the codimension of $K(A)$ is the dimension of $Z(A)$, which is clearly the number of conjugacy classes of $G$. Then he defines $T(A)$ as the set of elements $x \in A : x^{p^{n}} \in K(A)$ for some $n$. It is not immediately obvious that $T(A)$ is a linear subspace, but it is. It is clear then that $T(A)$ contains the Jacobson radical $J(A)$, so it is then reasonably easy to calculate the codimension of $T(A)$ in two ways to get the result: one is by considering $T(A)/J(A)$ inside the semisimple algebra $A/J(A)$, and other is by thinking on terms of group theoretic information. A person who has developed this line of thinking further in recent years is Burkhard K\"ulshammer, who has found invariants by this sort of method which have recently been proved to be useful invariants under derived equivalence.

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Concerning the situation in characteristic $p$: when $p$ divides the order of $G$, the case not covered by Maschke's theorem, the group algebra $KG$ is no longer semisimple. There is, however, a whole array of papers, started from J.D. Donald and F.J. Flanigan, A deformation theoretic version of Maschke's theorem for modular group algebras: the commutative case, J. Algebra 29 (1974), 98-102, DOI:10.1016/0021-8693(74)90114-8, aiming to prove a conjecture which can be considered as a modular analog of Maschke's theorem: the group algebra KG is deformed to a semisimple algebra. Most of these papers have a group-theoretic flavor, arguing in terms of blocks and other group-representation-theoretic data. Murray Gerstenhaber and Anthony Giaquinto have claimed in: Compatible deformations, Trends in the Representation Theory of Finite Dimensional Algebras (ed. E.L. Green and B. Huisgen-Zimmerman), Contemp. Math. 229 (1998), 159-168, that there is a counterexample to this conjecture: a 8-element quaternion group over a field of characteristic 2. This was believed to be true for a decade or so, after it has been proved wrong (N. Barnea and Y. Ginosar, A separable deformation of the quaternion group algebra, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 136 (2008), 2675-2681, DOI: 10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09480-X, arXiv:0704.1556). As far as I know, the Donald-Flanigan conjecture is still open.