# Do the focal points of a submanifold $M$ in $\mathbb{R}^k$ form a closed subset?

Let $M$ be a submanifold in an euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^k$, and $\nu(M)$ the normal bundle to $M$, let us denote $\phi$ the restriction to $\nu(M)$ of the exponential map for $\mathbb{R}^k$. A critical value for $\phi$ could be called focal point of $M$.

By Sard's theorem, the set of critical values for $\phi$ is of measure zero. Consequently the set of regular values for $\phi$ is dense in $\mathbb{R}^k$.

My question is: there are conditions on $M$ under which the set of critical values for $\phi$ is closed in $\mathbb{R}^k$?

Edit(after the answer of Sergei Ivanov) My starting motivation was to know if the set of focal points of any closed submanifold of $\mathbb{R}^k$ is itself closed.

So in particular, specifying the original question, is it possible to find examples of closed submanifolds whose focal set is not closed?

-

Since the set of critical points is always closed, it suffices to assume that $\phi$ (or, more generally, its restriction to the set of its critical points) is proper. (A map is called {\it proper} if the pre-image of every compact set is compact.)

One can formulate various sufficient conditions in terms of $M$. For example

• $M$ is compact;

• $M$ is a graph of a function $f:\mathbb R^m\to\mathbb R^{k-m}$ such that $\sup \|df\|<1$;

• $M$ is a closed submanifold and its curvatures decay fast enough, e.g., all principal curvatures with respect to any normal at a point $x\in M$ are bounded above by $c|x|^{-1}$ for some constant $c<0$.

I doubt there is a nice "if and only if condition".

UPDATE. As for your you second question (about examples), you may be a confused by terminology here. The term "closed manifold" usually means "compact and having no boundary". In this case, the set of focal points is indeed closed because the normal exponential map is proper. However, "closed submanifold" can also mean "a submanifold which is a closed subset of the ambient space" (this is what I meant above, although "properly embedded submanifold" would be a less confusing term). With this meaning, the set of focal points is not necessarily closed and can even be dense.

For example, let $\{p_i\}_{i\in\mathbb N}$ be an enumeration of all rational points in the plane. Choose a sequence $\{R_i\}$ of positive reals that goes to infinity sufficiently fast. Construct a curve $\gamma:(-\infty,\infty)\to\mathbb R^2$ such that, for every $i$, $\gamma$ contains an arc of the circle of radius $R_i$ centered at $p_i$. This can be done so that $\gamma$ has no self-intersections and $|\gamma(t)|\to\infty$ as $t\to\pm\infty$. Then the image of $\gamma$ is a properly embedded one-dimensional submanifold of $\mathbb R^2$ and all $p_i$'s are its focal points.

-
Dear Sergei Ivanov, thank you for the careful answer. In particular I would be interested in finding an example of closed submanifold $M$ for which the set of critical points is not closed. I explain my motivation: In a brief introduction to Morse theory, I founded the claim that for a closed submanifold of $\mathbb{R}^k$ the set of its focal points is (nowhere dense and) closed. Really I needed only that the set is nowhere dense, but I wasn't able neither to prove or disprove that claim. –  Giuseppe Tortorella Mar 15 '11 at 15:32
@Giuseppe: see updated answer. –  Sergei Ivanov Mar 15 '11 at 16:36
Dear Sergei Ivanov thanks again for your response to my further question. Your example is very nice. In order to grasp the details of your example could I have some reference? About my comment:1) I wrote "nowhere dense" instead of "with empty interior", my error, 2)As I used "submanifold" for "embedded submanifold", from your answer was clear that you used "closed submanifold" for "properly embedded submanifold". –  Giuseppe Tortorella Mar 15 '11 at 18:54