# Endomorphism of type III factor: can it satisfy $\phi\circ\phi = \phi\oplus\phi$?

Given Jesse Peterson's answer to this question (he showed that $\phi\circ\phi\sim\phi$ is impossible), I suspect that the following is also impossible. But I'm unable to generalize his argument.

Let $M$ be a type III factor, and let $\phi:M\to M$ be an irreducible endomorphism (the relative commutant of $\phi(M)$ in $M$ is trivial). Let $v_1$, $v_2\in M$ be isometries with orthogonal ranges summing up to $1$
($v_1^*v_1=v_2^*v_2=v_1v_1^*+v_2v_2^*=1$). Define $$\phi\oplus\phi:m\mapsto v_1\phi(m)v_1^*+v_2\phi(m)v_2^*.$$

Question: Is it possible to have $\phi\circ\phi$ conjugate to $\phi\oplus\phi$?
$$\phi ( \phi(m)) = u \Big( v_1 \phi (m) v_1^* + v_2 \phi (m) v_2^* \Big) u^*$$

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In the case $\phi$ has a conjugate endomorphism so that one can define it's dimension (see e.g. Longo & Roberts, "A theory of dimension", this implies the condition $d(\phi)^2 = 2 d(\phi)$, which at least imposes some restrictions on $\phi$. –  Pieter Naaijkens Nov 23 '10 at 9:10
@Peter: Ah! I now realize that the conditions I've imposed do not exclude the possibility of $\phi$ having a conjugate... (I was trying to cook up something that would make that impossible). Unrelated: I really like the paper "A theory of dimension". –  André Henriques Nov 23 '10 at 18:35
Replacing $v_i$ by $uv_i$, you may assume that $u=1$, if that makes computations any easier. –  Andreas Thom Nov 29 '10 at 14:41

I think the situation you describe is impossible: Let $\bar{\phi}$ be the conjugate endomorphism to $\phi$. From the equation $d(\phi)^2 = 2d(\phi)$ we get $d(\phi) = 2$. Denote by $\langle \rho, \sigma \rangle$ the dimension of the intertwiner space between $\rho$ and $\sigma$. By Frobenius reciprocity and the irreducibility of $\phi$ we now have

$$\langle \bar{\phi} \circ \phi, \phi \rangle = \langle \phi, \phi \circ \phi \rangle = \langle \phi, \phi \oplus \phi \rangle = 2.$$

Thus, $\bar{\phi} \circ \phi$ contains two copies of $\phi$ and a copy of the identity. Therefore

$$4 = d(\phi)^2 = d(\phi)\cdot d(\bar{\phi}) = d(\bar{\phi} \circ \phi) \geq d(id \oplus \phi \oplus \phi) = 1 + 2d(\phi) = 5$$

which is a contradiction. Note that if you drop the assumption that $\phi$ is irreducible, there should be examples: Suppose $M$ carries an involution $\alpha \colon M \to M$, i.e. an action of $\mathbb{Z} / 2\mathbb{Z}$. Consider $\phi = id \oplus \alpha$ with the definition of the sum similar to the one in your question. Then

$$[\phi \circ \phi] = [id \oplus \alpha] \circ [id \oplus \alpha] = [id \oplus \alpha \oplus \alpha \oplus \alpha^2] = [id \oplus \alpha \oplus id \oplus \alpha] = [\phi \oplus \phi]$$

where the brackets mean unitary equivalence classes of endomorphisms.

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Excellent! So you have excluded the possibility $d(\phi)<\infty$ (which I wanted to exclude anyways -- see my comment above). What I'm really interested in is techniques to show that $\phi^2=2\phi$ and $d(\phi)=\infty$ is impossible. –  André Henriques Nov 5 '11 at 7:52