# Deligne's proof of Ramanujan's conjecture

I am trying to understand Deligne's proof of the Ramanujan conjecture and more generally how one associates geometric objects (ultimately, motives) to modular forms.

As the first step, which I understand more or less, one identifies the space of cusp forms $S_k(\Gamma)$ with the first cohomology group $W$ of $X(\Gamma)$ with coefficients in some sheaf (Deligne calls W parabolic cohomology). If we assume the weight is equal to 2, then this parabolic cohomology would probably just become $H^1(X(\Gamma), \mathbb C)$.

After that point I unfortunately understand practically nothing in Deligne's paper (modular forms and l-adic cohomology), so maybe someone could give an informal explanation:

1. What are the next steps in order to identify the Dirichlet series corresponding to a cusp form $f$ with a Hasse-Weil series of a motive (is this what we are doing?)

2. Also, what role does the Hecke action play here (in particular, how is some adelic gadget that Deligne calls the Hecke action related to the usual one)?

3. And what role does the field $\mathbb Q_f$ constructed by adjoining the coefficients of $f$ play?

Thanks a lot.

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A correction and a comment. The correction: need to take direct sum of $S_k(\Gamma)$ and its conjugate twist to get degree-1 parabolic cohomology of a suitable $(k-2)$th symmetric-power sheaf on the "open" modular curve $Y(\Gamma)$. (For $k=2$, this asserts the Hodge decomposition of ${\rm{H}}^1(X(\Gamma),\mathbf{C})$ and its identification with "parabolic cohomology" of $Y(\Gamma)$.) The comment: it is for questions like this where you should call upon your good fortune to be at a department where there are faculty who can explain the whole story to you in person. –  BCnrd Jul 4 '10 at 18:43
To amplify on BCnrd's comment: at Northwestern, you should direct such questions to Calegari and/or Emerton. –  Pete L. Clark Jul 7 '10 at 13:18

Deligne's construction works as follows. He identifies the space $GL_2(\mathbb{A})/GL_2(\mathbb{Q})$ with the $\mathbb{C}$-points of the variety* $\mathcal{M}_{ell,level}$ parameterizing elliptic curves with complete level structure, or equivalently, the moduli space of elliptic curves up to isogeny with complete (in the appropriately modified sense) level structure. The latter perspective has the advantage that there's an obvious $GL_2(\mathbb{A}_f)$-action. Furthermore, this moduli perspective has the advantage that both the variety and this action are defined over $\mathbb{Q}$.

Since this action is defined over $\mathbb{Q}$, there are commuting (!) actions of $\operatorname{Gal}(\mathbb{Q})$ and $GL_2(\mathbb{A}_f)$ on the (e.g., parabolic, with coefficients in $Sym^k$ of the Tate module of the tautological elliptic curves) cohomology of $\mathcal{M}_{ell,level}$. Therefore, for a prime $p$, there are commuting actions of the Hecke algebra at $p$ on the $G(\mathbb{Z}_p)$-invariants and the Galois group. Running this over all primes over which your eigenform $f$ is unramified, you get a commuting action of a big Hecke algebra and the Galois group. Finally, $f$ determines a maximal ideal of this big Hecke algebra being an eigenform, so you can take the "$f$-isotypic" component of this cohomology.

The first theorem of Eichler and Shimura tells you that this isotypic component has dimension $2$. Then the Eichler-Shimura relation tells you that the Hecke-eigenvalues correspond to the traces of Frobenius as predicted by Langlands et al. This matching of eigenvalues/traces of Frobenius exactly means that the L-function of this modular form match the Artin L-function of the representation.

Deligne also gives a modular-type description of the action of these Hecke operators because knowing that the Hecke operators are given by correspondences (so within the world of motives) allows him to apply the Weil conjectures on how e.g. constant sheaves behave under motivic-type operations. From here he deduces the Ramanujan conjecture.

* Actually, it's somewhat better to think of it as a provariety. Then notions of compactly supported etale cohomology are actually defined, and from this perspective cohomology of $Sym^k$ of the tautological $\mathbb{Z}_{\ell}$-sheaf on this space given as the $\ell$-adic Tate module of the canonical elliptic curve (which is trivial on the variety) is not just the direct sum of $k+1$ copies of cohomology of $\mathbb{Z}_{\ell}$.

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Thanos, your "" is very cryptic. Also, may be good to indicate where the hard work lies (to see why Serre couldn't write the Bourbaki report). Eichler-Shimura relation doesn't tell what you say; e.g., Deligne's treatment of $\Delta$ is too easy because it spans space of forms at its wt any level. Need duality arguments & *bad reduction information (+SGA1, XIII!) in general. Also, application of RH is much harder than you indicate because need to find a compactified resolution of singularities in char > 0 (now moot thanks to Weil II...). That is one of the most novel things in the report. –  BCnrd Jul 12 '10 at 3:07
Thanos, thank you for your answer. –  Evgeny Shinder Jul 12 '10 at 14:47
1. Is there an easy way to see why GL(A)-action must be related to Hecke-correspondeces action? –  Evgeny Shinder Jul 12 '10 at 14:49
2. Also, what does "Big Hecke algebra" mean? –  Evgeny Shinder Jul 12 '10 at 14:50
3. What is "f-isotypic"? –  Evgeny Shinder Jul 12 '10 at 14:51