# Great mathematical figures and/or diagrams?

Most math papers have few figures, if any, although sometimes a well-chosen figure can be a tremendous help in understanding mathematical concepts. Does anyone have any examples of notable uses of figures in mathematical writing and/or texts that make great use of figures/diagrams/illustrations?

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Mumford's picture of Spec(Z[x]) comes to mind.

You can read a discussion of it here.

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I am a huge fan of the drawings of Anatoly Fomenko (for some of his drawings, see here; for a description of his odd historical theories, see his wikipedia pages here and here).

In particular, his book "Algorithmic and Computer Methods for Three-Manifolds" with Matveev (which really has nothing to do with computers) is IMHO one of the best intro books on 3-manifolds available largely because of its drawings. The mathscinet review of the Russian version is worth reading; see

MR1162113 (93f:57002) Matveev, S. V.; Fomenko, A. T. {\cyr Algoritmicheskie i kompʹyuternye metody v trekhmernoĭ topologii}. (Russian) [Algorithmic and computer methods in three-dimensional topology] Moskov. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1991. 303 pp. ISBN: 5-211-01743-9

EDIT : To give an idea of how amazingly cool the above book is, I have posted two pages of it here and here. It's a crying shame that it is not better known...

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I love his artwork. Do you have any idea if anyone makes prints of his work? –  Beren Sanders May 16 '10 at 23:05

A paper that used figures to, in my view, revolutionize the understanding of an area of mathematics is: R. Penrose. Applications of negative dimensional tensors. In D.J.A. Welsh, editor, Combinatorial mathematics and its applications, pages 221–244. Mathematical Institute, Oxford, London, New York, Academic Press, 1971.

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The book by G. K. Francis entitled "A topological picturebook" is beautiful. Have a look at this snapshot, starting with page 16.

The book explains how to draw and visualize pictures of low dimensional famous topological spaces: the dunce hat, a tetrahedral hyperbolic manifold, the Withney bottle, the Hopf fibration, and so on.

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Here's one of my favorite diagrams, based on a paper by Lawrence Leemis:

Probability distribution relationships

Also, here are some diagrams due to Robert Bartle relating various modes of convergence:

Diagramming modes of convergence

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When I was an undergraduate I read the book Intuitive Topology by Prasolov. It's a wonderful illustrated guide to low-dimensional topology (mostly knots/links and surfaces). If I recall correctly, almost all of the "proofs" are by pictures.

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Edward Tufte's books are quite beautiful, though they do not focus so much on mathematical figures/diagrams per se. However, via Tufte, I did come across this version of Euclid's Elements by Oliver Byrne, which presents the propositions and proofs of the Elements using colored diagrams and symbols. I'm not sure whether Byrne's edition is clearer or better to learn from than the original Euclid, but it sure is pleasing to look at.

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Knots, links, braids, and 3-manifolds, by Prasolov and Sossinsky (you can look at it on Google books) essentially has a picture on every page. They are very pretty.

Indra's pearls by Mumford, Series, and Wright has some breath-taking pictures. There are also cartoons by Gonick, which improves any book. Here's the copy at Google books.

Edit: A topological picturebook, by Francis is wonderfully illustrated. There are directions for reproducing the figures, as well as their mathematical meaning. Chapter eight of the book deals with the figure eight knot. :)

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see my starting effort to help see 3-manifolds at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:3-manifolds

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Reid's Undergraduate Commutative Algebra has a lot of great figures, most notably the frontispiece depicting the statement "let $A$ be a ring and $M$ an $A$-module" geometrically.

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It's a great image, but a somewhat provocative placement, making the frontispiece of “Undergraduate Commutative Algebra” a shibboleth which will delight the initiate but baffle a newcomer to Algebraic Geometry. But then, Miles Reid doesn't tend to shy away from being provocative... –  Peter LeFanu Lumsdaine Sep 22 '10 at 14:32

The following is a wondeful candidate: Jos Leys, Lorenz and Modular Flows: A Visual Introduction, Feature Column of the AMS web site, November 2006.

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There's a chapter in Littlewood's "Mathematician's Miscellany" entitled The Zoo, which has many charming examples of pictoral proofs inspired by various animals.

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The figures in John Stillwell's books are always superbly drawn, and really enhance the exposition.

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Bar-Natan's first paper on Khovanov homology included a great figure (visible immediately if you follow that link) that summarised the entire construction. A great improvement over the previous epic.

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Arnol'd was famous for his pictures (that poor $\$ s-t-r-e-t-c-h-e-d $\$ cat...), but the Award for Best Pictures must surely go to "Geometry and the Imagination" by D. Hilbert and S. Cohn-Vossen.

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H.S.M. Coxeter's books include Regular Polytopes. This book deals with the classification of regular polytopes. In this book there are Coxeter diagrams which are closely related to Dynkin diagrams. In his works are many diagrams,figures and illustrations. They influenced M.C Escher. Many of Escher's works reflect his ideas. In 1996 Coxeter published a paper on one of these "Circle Limit III." For more information see here and here.

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