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There is a well-known analogy between 3-manifolds and number fields, with knots corresponding to prime ideals. Are there any results in number theory that have been proven using topology through this analogy? I would also be interested in any result in number theory that had been motivated by an analogous result in topology.

Edit: In light of Dan Petersen's comment, I realize that this is to some extent a historical question. After all, if knot theory had been very developed in 1700, it is possible that quadratic reciprocity would be one example. I have not read all of the Morishita book, but it seems to be mainly concerned with proving topological analogues to some famous theorems in number theory.

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    $\begingroup$ It doesn't sound reasonable to hope for a theorem in number theory proven using the prime-knot dictionary. It really is just an analogy; there is no precise correspondence that allows you to infer statements on one side from statements on the other side. $\endgroup$
    – Dan Petersen
    Jul 24, 2016 at 12:23
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    $\begingroup$ You may find this useful: quomodocumque.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/… $\endgroup$
    – rationalbeing
    Jul 28, 2016 at 17:37
  • $\begingroup$ Maybe not directly related to arithmetic topology, but I wonder whether topological arguments can be used to show the complementary set of the possible degrees of L-functions in R+ has infinitely many connected components. $\endgroup$
    – Sylvain JULIEN
    Jul 30, 2016 at 20:06
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    $\begingroup$ Searching for "arithmetic topology" AND "number theory" in Google Scholar yields about 140 results. It strikes me as unlikely that such an application would not show up somewhere in that tractably-sized list. $\endgroup$
    – Steve Huntsman
    Aug 1, 2016 at 21:16
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    $\begingroup$ Talking of results in number theory that have been motivated by analogous result in topology, the Weil conjectures were motivated by the Lefschetz fixed point theorem. $\endgroup$
    – Venkataramana
    Aug 12, 2016 at 9:07

1 Answer 1

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Le and Murakami (HERE and HERE) discovered several previously unknown relations between multiple zeta values through the study of quantum invariants of knots. Further relations were later discovered through knot theory by Takamuki, and by Ihara and Takamuki.

These relations stem from the fact that the Kontsevich invariant extends to an invariant not of tangles, but of bracketed tangles, also known as q-tangles or non-associative tangles (alternatively, to knotted trivalent graphs, e.g. HERE). An "associator" relates different bracketings, and the relations satisfied by the associator induce the relations between the multiple zeta values, upon choosing a weight system.

Now that these relations have been discovered, the scaffolding can be removed and they can be derived directly from the defining relations of the associator as shown by Furusho (see there for further references). The associator is an algebraic object rather than a topological one, so now the number theorist "no longer need the knot theorists" as far as the known relations between multiple zeta values are concerned.

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  • $\begingroup$ Nice answer. "Removing the scaffolding" sounds familiar :-) $\endgroup$
    – Mikhail Katz
    Aug 14, 2016 at 12:01
  • $\begingroup$ I have taken a look at these references and, while the results and proofs are themselves intriguing, it doesn't seem like any of the authors cast this in light of this knots-are-primes analogy which OP asks about. Do you happen to know if they can somehow be interpreted this way? $\endgroup$
    – Wojowu
    Jul 4, 2021 at 14:00

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