## Can a positive binary quadratic form represent 14 consecutive numbers?

NEW CONJECTURE: There is no general upper bound.

Wadim Zudilin suggested that I make this a separate question. This follows http://mathoverflow.net/questions/23690/ where most of the people who gave answers are worn out after arguing over indefinite forms and inhomogeneous polynomials. Some real effort went into this, perhaps it will not be seen as a duplicate question.

So the question is, can a positive definite integral binary quadratic form $$f(x,y) = a x^2 + b x y + c y^2$$ represent 13 consecutive numbers?

My record so far is 8: the form $$6x^2+5xy+14y^2$$ represents the 8 consecutive numbers from 716,234 to 716,241. Here we have discriminant $\Delta = -311,$ and 2,3,5,7 are all residues $\pmod {311}.$ I do not think it remotely coincidental that $$6x^2+xy+13 y^2$$ represents the 7 consecutive numbers from 716,235 to 716,241.

I have a number of observations. There is a congruence obstacle $\pmod 8$ unless, with $f(x,y) = a x^2 + b x y + c y^2$ and $\Delta = b^2 - 4 a c,$ we have $\Delta \equiv 1 \pmod 8,$ or $| \Delta | \equiv 7 \pmod 8.$ If a prime $p | \Delta,$ then the form is restricted to either all quadratic residues or all nonresidues $\pmod p$ among numbers not divisible by $p.$

In what could be a red herring, I have been emphasizing $\Delta = -p$ where $p \equiv 7 \pmod 8$ is prime, and where there is a very long string of consecutive quadratic residues $\pmod p.$ Note that this means only a single genus with the same $\Delta = -p,$ and any form is restricted to residues. I did not anticipate that long strings of represented numbers would not start at 1 or any predictable place and would be fairly large. As target numbers grow, the probability of not being represented by any form of the discriminant grows ( if prime $q \parallel n$ with $(-p| q) = -1$), but as the number of prime factors $r$ with $(-p| r) = 1$ grows so does the probability that many forms represent the number if any do. Finally, on the influence of taking another $\Delta$ with even more consecutive residues, the trouble seems to be that the class number grows as well. So everywhere there are trade-offs.

EDIT, Monday 10 May. I had an idea that the large values represented by any individual form ought to be isolated. That was naive. Legendre showed that for a prime $q \equiv 7 \pmod 8$ there exists a solution to $u^2 - q v^2 = 2,$ and therefore infinitely many solutions. This means that the form $x^2 + q y^2$ represents the triple of consecutive numbers $q v^2, 1 + q v^2, u^2$ and then represents $4 + q v^2$ after perhaps skipping $3 + q v^2$. Taking $q = 8 k - 1,$ the form $x^2 + x y + 2 k y^2$ has no restrictions $\pmod 8,$ while an explicit formula shows that it represents every number represented by $x^2 + q y^2.$ Put together, if $8k-1 = q$ is prime, then $x^2 + x y + 2 k y^2$ represents infinitely many triples. If, in addition, $( 3 | q) = 1,$ it seems plausible to expect infinitely many quintuples. It should be admitted that the recipe given seems not to be a particularly good way to jump from length 3 to length 5, although strings of length 5 beginning with some $q t^2$ appear plentiful.

EDIT, Tuesday 11 May. I have found a string of 9, the form is $6 x^2 + x y + 13 y^2$ and the numbers start at $1786879113 = 3 \cdot 173 \cdot 193 \cdot 17839$ and end with $1786879121$ which is prime. As to checking, I have a separate program that shows me the particular $x,y$ for representing a target number by a positive binary form. Then I checked those pairs using my programmable calculator, which has exact arithmetic up to $10^{10}.$

EDIT, Saturday 15 May. I have found a string of 10, the form is $9 x^2 + 5 x y + 14 y^2$ and the numbers start at $866988565 = 5 \cdot 23 \cdot 7539031$ and end with $866988574 = 2 \cdot 433494287.$

EDIT, Thursday 17 June. Wadim Zudilin has been running one of my programs on a fast computer. We finally have a string of 11, the form being $3 x^2 + x y + 26 y^2$ of discriminant $-311.$ The integrally represented numbers start at 897105813710 and end at 897105813720. Note that the maximum possible for this discriminant is 11. So we now have this conjecture: For discriminants $\Delta$ with absolute values in this sequence http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A000229 some form represents a set of $N$ consecutive integers, where $N$ is the first quadratic nonresidue. As a result, we conjecture that there is no upper bound on the number of consecutive integers that can be represented by a positive quadratic form.

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Neat question. Why 13, exactly? – Pete L. Clark May 8 2010 at 19:44
This is reminscent of Conway's "15 theorem": if a positive definite quadratic form with integral matrix represents 1,2,...,15 then it represents all positive integers – Victor Protsak May 9 2010 at 7:32
Yes, Victor. That applies to four or more variables, and the related 290 result allowing non-integral matrix is now proved. Density for positive binaries is 0 in the long run: if $B(n)$ is the count of integers from 1 to $n$ that are representable by $x^2 + y^2,$ then there is a constant $C = 0.7642...$ such that $B(n) \sim C n / \sqrt{\log n} .$ So there is some reason to suspect, for any individual form, that large represented values are isolated or nearly isolated. Less predictable is the possibility of some new discriminant doing much better than smaller ones. – Will Jagy May 9 2010 at 16:25
@David: This is wrong, for each fixed positively definite form the length is bounded, see fedja's answer to the question quoted by Will as a motivation. Will's point was, in fact, that it's tricky to think of the representability of consecutive numbers as independent events. – Victor Protsak May 12 2010 at 3:02
Will, these are impressive examples of long strings, but why are there two Mondays this week? :) – Victor Protsak May 12 2010 at 3:05

I'm making this an answer to make it more visible, a suggestion of Pete L. Clark that seems correct to me.

Wadim Zudilin has been running a computer program of mine on a fast computer. Today we found a string of length 11. The form is $3 x^2 + x y + 26 y^2$ of discriminant $\Delta = -311.$ The numbers represented run from 897105813710 to 897105813720. Note that this is the longest possible string for this discriminant, as the first quadratic nonresidue $\pmod {311}$ is $11.$ The first number in the string is $\equiv 0 \pmod {311},$ indeed 897105813710 = 2 * 5 * 311 * 288458461. So at this point I conjecture that there is NO general upper bound on the number of consecutive integers that can be represented by a positive form. The discriminants I have in mind are $\Delta = -p,$ where $p \equiv 7 \pmod 8$ is a prime with a large minimal nonresidue. Such primes can be found in particular among http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A000229 although not all of these are $\equiv 7 \pmod 8.$ The conjecture, to be more specific, is that for any of these desirable discriminants, there is a represented set of consecutive integers of length $N,$ where $N$ is the smallest quadratic nonresidue $\pmod p.$

Now, I admit we do not have any sequence of length 12 or 13 or 14. But, as with Jodie Foster in "Contact," I am the scientific type who comes around to depending on faith by the end of the movie. Meanwhile the religious guy, Matthew McConaughey, comes around to accepting the scientific conclusions.

As Wadim comments, for lengths 12 and 13 we are looking at discriminant $-479,$ the first nonresidue for $479$ is 13. For lengths 14,15,16,17 we must move to $-1559.$ But it is truly astonishing how much higher we must run the target numbers as the length increases, and as the class number and absolute value of the discriminant increase. Wadim has machines available that have built-in integers up to about $10^{18}$ and that has been critical. I have a very different program design that relies on factoring, suitable for Mathematica or gp-Pari, this program being asymptotically faster. But gp-Pari is new to me.

My recent question on the Green-Tao theorem and positive quadratic forms was an attempt to get people thinking about how to prove the non-existence of a general bound for this problem.

Finally, many thanks to Wadim Zudilin.

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I could probably add that we have several length 11 examples for discriminant -479, but there Will (and me, of course, as well) expect to get lengths 12 and 13, as the least quadratic nonresidue is 13. Long live quadratic (non)residues! – Wadim Zudilin Jun 18 2010 at 7:37