I'll formulate a topic restricted here to the positive rational numbers $\ \mathbb Q_{_{>0}},\ $, then will pose a question (Q2) plus some related, to which I don't know the answers nor reference. The idea is to understand how general is the notion of the set of all prime numbers: do we or don't we have other similar objects which I call primary structures.
STANDARD TERMINOLOGY
$\mathbb N := \{1\ 2\ \ldots\}\ $ -- the set of natural numbers;
$\mathbb Z_+:=\mathbb N\cup\{0\}\ $ -- the set on nonnegative integers;
$\mathbb Z\ $ -- the ring of (rational) integers;
$\mathbb Q\ $ -- the field of rational numbers;
$\mathbb Q_{_{>0}} := \{x\in \mathbb Q : x > 0\}\ $ -- the set of positive rational numbers.
$\mathbb P:= (2\ 3\ 5\ 7\ 11\ \ldots)\ $ -- the sequence of all primes (i.e. $P_1:=2,\ $ and $\ P_5:= 11,\ $ etc.).
SPECIAL TERMINOLOGY
$\Omega := \{f\in \mathbb Z^\mathbb N:\sum|f|<\infty\}\ $ -- integer sequences with finitely many non-zero values;
$\Lambda := \{f\in \mathbb Z_+^\mathbb N:\sum f<\infty\} = \mathbb Z_+^\mathbb N\cap \Omega;$
$x^f := \prod_{n\in\mathbb N} x_n^{f(n)}\ $ for every sequence $x:=(x_1\ x_2\ \ldots)\ $ of positive rationals, and for $\ f\in \Omega$;
$x^* := \{x^f:f\in\Lambda\}\ $ -- the multiplicative monoid
generated by terms of sequence $x$.
$\mathbb Q(x) := \{x^f:f\in\Omega\}\ $
DEFINITIONS
Let $\ S:=(S_1\ S_2\ \ldots)\in \mathbb Q_{_{>0}}\!^\mathbb N$.
D1. $\ $ Sequence $S\ $ has the unique decomposition property (u.d.p. for short) $\Leftarrow:\Rightarrow$
$$ \forall_{f\ g\in\Omega}\ \left(S^f = S^g\,\ \Rightarrow\,\ f=g\right) $$
Note 1. $\ $ Replacing $\ \Omega\ $ by $\ \Lambda\ $ would not affect the above definition.
Note 2. $\ \forall_{x\ y\in S^*}\ \left(x\cdot y=1\,\ \Rightarrow\,\ x=y=1\right)$
There are plenty of sequences with the u.d.p. However one extra condition will narrow the choice drastically:
D2. $\ $ A u.d.p. sequence $\ S\ $ is called a primary structure $\ \Leftarrow:\Rightarrow\ S^*\ $ is an additive semigroup in $\ Q_{_{>0}}$.
QUESTIONS
Let $\ S\ $ be an arbitrary primary structure. Is it true that:
Q1: $\ \forall_{n\in\mathbb N}\ S_n > 1\ ?$
Q2: Is $\ S\ $ a permutation of $\ \mathbb P$?
If NO to Q2 (just in case :-), we may still wonder about:
Q3: If every prime appears in $\ S\ $ is it true that only primes appear in $\ S\ $ (i.e. that $\ S\ $ is a permutation of $\ \mathbb P$)?
Q4. $\ \mathbb Q(S) = \mathbb Q\ $?