# Does every hyperbolic curve over a finite field have an etale cover with a real Frobenius eigenvalue?

More precisely: let X/F_q be a smooth projective algebraic curve of genus at least 2. Does there always exist a curve Y/F_{q^d} with a finite etale projection Y -> X, such that one of the Frobenius eigenvalues on H^1(Y,Z_ell) is q^{d/2}?

I mentioned this on my blog about three weeks BMO, but this seems a much better venue. The question is motivated by some (analogous, I think?) conjectures in topology; see the blog post for more about the motivation, and what (little) I know about the question.

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My first thought was to take a p- cover but that doesn't work because of Deuring-Shafarevich. –  Felipe Voloch Apr 27 '10 at 12:15

Hi Jordan,

I have a guess on how to go looking for it, although the process touches on matters I know little about.

First, let's fix one power $d$, so that the Frobenius action will have eigenvalues of a fixed size. This enables us to compute mod $l$ for large $l$. Then, we should be able to look for an $l$-adic local system $V$ instead of a curve, say of rank $n$. This is because we can reduce $V$ mod $l$ (as usual, by way of compactness of the fundamental group $\pi_1$) to get a sheaf $V_l$. But then, the kernel of the corresponding mod $l$ $\pi_1$-representation will give a curve $f:Y \rightarrow X$. Since $V_l$ trivializes over $Y$, there is an exact sequence

$0 \rightarrow V_l \rightarrow f_*((Z/l)^n) \rightarrow M \rightarrow 0,$

with $M$ just defined as the quotient, so the $q^{d/2}$ part of $H^1(\bar{X}, V_l)$ should inject into $H^1(\bar{Y}, (Z/l)^n)$, giving you what you want.

I admit that several parts of the argument are sloppily written. It seems to me plausible to fix it all up to be rigorous.

Now, where does one get $V$ having $q^{d/2}$ inside $H^1(\bar{X}, V)$? It suffices to have $q^{-d/2}$ as a zero of the $L$-function $L(X,V, t)$. So we go searching for a rank $n$ unramified automorphic form for $K(X)$ whose $L$-function has the right property. This is where my shaky expertise starts to fail, but I've always had the impression that constructing automorphic forms over function fields was a rather accessible combinatorial matter. Perhaps real experts can now comment on whether this is at all plausible.

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Hmm, I realized very quickly that the 'injection' portion of the argument could also be problematic in general. But I'll let the answer stand as a vague sketch of a strategy. –  Minhyong Kim Apr 27 '10 at 12:02
Perhaps one way of ensuring the injectivity would be to arrange for $Y$ to be split over some $F_{q^d}$ rational point $x$. This way, the Frobenius action on $H^0(M)\subset M_x$ becomes trivial. I presume you can encode this property of $V_l$ into the automorphic side as a requirement. –  Minhyong Kim Apr 27 '10 at 13:02