Question

What generalizations of Seiberg-Witten theory to 4-manifolds with boundary do exist?

I would be especially interested in theories which "behave good" under gluing along the boundary (comparable to TQFTs).

Answer 1

Hi Fabian! Kronheimer and Mrowka's book Monopoles and three-manifolds lays out comprehensively the construction of a Seiberg-Witten TQFT, called monopole Floer homology. It is conjectured to be isomorphic to the Heegaard Floer homology TQFT of Ozsváth-Szabó. There are also beautiful constructions due to Froyshov and to Manolescu which do not apply in quite so much generality.

The structure of monopole Floer homology is as follows. The TQFT is a functor on the cobordism category $COB_{3+1}$ whose objects are connected, smooth, oriented 3-manifolds. In fact, the TQFT consists of a trio of functors, denoted $\widehat{HM}_{\bullet}$, $\overline{HM_\bullet}$ and $\check{HM}_{\bullet}$ (the last of these is such a sophisticated invariant that you have to download a special LaTeX package just to typeset it properly). These are $\mathbb{Z}[U]$-modules; there's a story about gradings that's too long to be worth summarising here. There are natural transformations which, for any connected 3-manifold $Y$, define the maps in a long exact sequence $$ \cdots\to \widehat{HM} _{\bullet}(Y) \to \overline{HM_\bullet}(Y)\to \check{HM}_{\bullet}(Y) \to \widehat{HM}_{\bullet}(Y) \to \cdots $$ Why this structure? Well, the theory is based on the Chern-Simons-Dirac functional $CSD$ on a global Coulomb gauge slice through a space of (connection, spinor) pairs. $CSD$ is a $U(1)$-equivariant functional, and $\check{HM}_{\bullet}$ is, philosophically, its $U(1)$-equivariant semi-infinite Morse homology. $\overline{HM}_\bullet$ is the part coming from the restriction of $CSD$ to the $U(1)$-fixed-points, and $\widehat{HM}_\bullet$ is the equivariant homology relative to the fixed point set.

Now here's a subtlety for the TQFT enthusiasts out there to get your teeth into (axiomatize, explain...)! The invariant of a closed 4-manifold $X$ in any of the three theories is... zero. The famous SW invariant of a 4-manifold with $b_+>0$ comes about via a secondary operation, not part of the TQFT itself. Delete two balls from $X$ to get a cobordism from $S^3$ to itself. When $b_+(X)>0$, there are generically no reducible SW monopoles on this cobordism, and this implies that the TQFT-map $\widehat{HM}_\bullet(S^3) \to \widehat{HM}_\bullet(S^3)$ lifts canonically to a map $\widehat{HM}_\bullet(S^3) \to \check{HM}_\bullet(S^3)$; it is this lift that carries the SW invariant.