# What is known about maximal free subgroups of surface groups?

Let $\Gamma_g=< a_1,...,a_g,b_1,...,b_g | \prod_{i=1}^g [a_i,b_i]>$ (a surface group). What is known about maximal free subgroups of $\Gamma_g$ for $g>1.$ (I.e. free subgroups which are not properly embedded into any other free subgroup)?

For example,

1. Is $<a_1,...,a_g,b_1,...,b_{g-1},b_g^2>$ free? Maximal?
2. What are the lower, upper bounds on ranks of the maximal free subgroups?
3. Can the free subgroups of the minimal rank be classified somehow?
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In 3, do you mean "the maximal free subgroups of minimal rank"? –  Lee Mosher Nov 30 '13 at 23:08
@Lee: There must be the minimum rank, $m(g)$, of such groups. Question 3 asks if the maximal free subgroups of rank $m(g)$ can be classified somehow. –  Adam S Sikora Nov 30 '13 at 23:15

1. The subgroup is free, and therefore not maximal (see 2.). To see this, the subgroup generated by all the generators except $b_g$ is the fundamental group of a subsurface obtained by cutting along a curve (dual to $b_g$). This surface lifts to a 2-fold cover dual to the curve, and the subgroup is obtained by adding another element corresponding to $b_g^2$, so it has infinite index in the 2-fold cover (since its rank is too small to generate).
2. Maximal rank free subgroups (i.e. subgroups of infinite index) must be infinitely generated. More generally, this holds for lattices in $PSL_2(\mathbb{C})$ (the argument they gives works for $PSL_2(\mathbb{R})$, and is even easier, since finitely-generated subgroups are geometrically finite).