# differential of the characteristic polynomial

Let $\chi:GL_{n}(\mathbb{C})\rightarrow \mathbb{C}^{n}$ the map given by the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial. Let $A$ a regular semisimple matrix, do we have a formula for the differential at $A$ of $\chi$.

More generally, if $\chi:G\rightarrow T/W:=\mathbb{A}^{r}$ (invariant quotient) is the Steinberg map, where $G$ is semisimple simply connected, $T$ a split maximal torus, can we compute the differential of $\chi$ at a regular semisimple point $\gamma$?

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If $\chi_1,\dots,\chi_r$ are the characters of the fundamental representations then $\chi$ is the map $g \mapsto (\chi_i(g))$, so why don't Theorem 8.1 and Lemma 8.5 in Steinberg's IHES paper answer the 2nd question? If you write a regular semisimple element as an explicit conjugate of a regular element of $T$ then the problem seems to "reduce" to the case of regular elements of $T$, and $(G/T) \times T \rightarrow G$ defined by $(g,t)\mapsto gtg^{-1}$ is finite etale over the Zariski-open regular semisimple locus, so it would help if you define what you mean by "compute"...in terms of what? –  user29283 Jun 12 '13 at 0:14

I'm not sure how explicit a formula is wanted here, but one can compute differentials if needed by relying on the usual concrete formula in affine algebraic geometry. (This is written down in various textbooks, including section 5.4 of my book on linear algebraic groups where I mostly followed the lecture notes of Borel and Mumford.) For example, since the trace function on $G$ is linear, its differential at a matrix will again be the trace; but calculations for other coefficients of the characteristic polynomial involve more complicated expressions in the matrix coefficients. For general linear groups these can of course be given explicitly.
What Steinberg's map does in the semisimple case comes from his IHES paper on regular elements and is discussed in Chapter 4 of my book on conjugacy classes. His general recipe involves the characters of the $r$ fundamental representations, evaluated at group elements. For general (or special) linear groups, this just amounts to writing down the significant coefficients of the characteristic polynomial as noted in the question.
the motivation is the following: Let $F$ a local field at a closed point $x$ of a smooth projective curve $X$ over $k$ (completion of function field at the place $x$). I take $\gamma\in G(F)$ regular semsisimple, we then have a map $d\chi_{\gamma}:\mathfrak{g}(F)\rightarrow \mathbb{A}^{r}(F)$ my question is to try to characterize the image of $d\chi_{\gamma}(\mathfrak{g}(X-x))$ where $\mathfrak{g}(X-x)$ denotes the section of $\mathfrak{g}$ with values in $X-x$. –  prochet Jun 12 '13 at 6:35
$k$ an algebraically closed field. –  prochet Jun 12 '13 at 6:36
For example if $F=k((\pi))$ and $\mathcal{O}=k[[\pi]]$ do we have that for $n$ big enough an section $h\in\mathfrak{g}(X-x)$ such that: $d\chi_{\gamma}(h)=\pi^{-n}\mathcal{O}^{*}+Q(\pi^{-1})$ with $Q$ a polynomial of degree less than n-1? –  prochet Jun 12 '13 at 6:44