# Are there refuted analogues of the Riemann hypothesis?

The classical Riemann Hypothesis has famous analogues for function fields and finite fields which have been proved. It has by now very many analogues, many of them still open. Are there important analogues that are now known to be false?

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Look up Beurling primes. –  Felipe Voloch Apr 14 at 9:48

There is a well-known example of Davenport and Heilbronn of a Dirichlet series that in some sense is not so different from the Riemann-zeta function but that has zeros off the critical line.

The function is defined $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{a_n}{n^s}$$ where $a_n$ equals $1, c, -c, -1, 0$ for $n$ equal to $1,2,3,4,5$ modulo $5$, resp., with $c$ a certain algebraic number [see the reference at the end for the actual value].

This function then fulfills a functional equation similarly to the Riemann-zeta-function and (thus) can be continued to the entire plane (for details see again reference below). Yet as mentioned above it has (nontrivial) zeros off the critical line. And, it might be worth adding that for other Dirichlet series with periodic coefficient sequences (for example, Dirichlet L-series) one expects a generalisation of RH to be true.

For some recent computational investigations on the zeros of this function see for example Zeros of the Davenport-Heilbronn Counterexample Mathematics of Computation, 2007.

For an 'axiomatic' framework where no exceptions to (the analog of) the Riemann Hypothesis are currently expected while capturing many/most Dirichlet series that appear in practise see the Selberg class.

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Most Dirichlet Series(those one without Euler Products) with periodic coefficients badly violate RH( see arxiv.org/abs/0807.0783). –  zy_ Apr 14 at 15:49

There are examples of Epstein zeta functions defined by Dirichlet series which (1) have a meromorphic continuation to the entire plane, (2) satisfy a functional equation similar to the Riemann zeta function, (3) have infinitely many zeros on the critical line, yet are known to have nontrivial zeroes off the critical line. One construction of this form is as follows:

Let $Q(x,y)= ax^2 + bxy +cy^2$ be a positive definite quadratic form, and form the Epstein zeta-function $\zeta(z,Q)= \sum_{n,m} \frac{1}{Q(n,m)^{s}}$. Assume the class number of $h(d) >1$ (where $d=b^2-4ac$ is the discriminant of $Q$). Then $\zeta(z,Q)$ has infinitely many zeroes to the right of the $1$ line.

For details, see: Davenport, H.; Heilbronn, H. On the Zeros of Certain Dirichlet Series. J. London Math. Soc. S1-11 no. 3, 181.

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A particularly nice example is the Epstein zeta function of $\mathbb{Z}^4$ (ie $Q(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4)=x_1^2+x_2^2+x_3^2+x_4^2$) which is given by $8(1-2^{2-s})\zeta(s)\zeta(s-1)$. Clearly there are zeros on at least two vertical lines. –  Carl Jun 14 at 12:59
The general principle seems to be, more or less, that the following are equivalent for a Dirichlet series $L(s)$ with analytic continuation and a functional equation: (1) $L(s)$ satisfies RH; (2) $L(s)$ has an Euler product; (3) $L(s)$ is the $L$-function associated to some automorphic representation. Needless to say, this is far from proven.