# (Homotopy) Y ENR and contractible subset implies Y is a retract

I'm trying to solve the following question:

Suppose $Y \subset R^n$ is a Euclidean neighborhood retract. I want to prove that if $Y$ is contractible, then it is a retract of $R^n$.

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Let me solve the case of compact $Y$. Thus $Y$ is a contractible ANR. Then Y is an AR.

Indeed, the equivalence  "contractible ANR $\Leftrightarrow$ AR"  is a well known theorem, certainly known in the past to the founder of the theory of ANRs, Karol Borsuk. To prove this equivalence, consider an arbitrary compact metric space $X$, its closed subset $A$, and an arbitrary continuous map $f : A \rightarrow Y$, where $Y$ is a contractible ANR. Let  $H:Y\times[0;1]\rightarrow Y$  be a contraction to a point  $p\in Y$, meaning that  $H(y\ 0)=p$  and  $H(y\ 1)=y$  for every  $y\in Y$. Now we get the constant map  $g_0:X\rightarrow Y$,  such that  $\forall_{x\in X}\ g_0(x)=p$,  and a homotopy  $\Phi : A\times [0;1]\rightarrow Y$ defined by: $$\forall_{a\in A}\forall_{t\in [0;1]}\quad \Phi(a\ t) := H(f(a)\ t)$$ Observe that  $\forall_{a\in A}\ \ g_0(a)=\Phi(a\ 0)$. Thus by the Borsuk homotopy extension theorem there exists a homotopy  $F:X\times [0;1]\rightarrow Y$  such that

• $\forall_{x\in X}\quad F(x\ 0)=g_0(x)$     (the value is  $p$,  of course)
• $\forall_{a\in A}\forall_{t\in [0;1]}\quad F(a\ t) = \Phi(a\ t)$

Now define  $g_1:X\rightarrow Y$  by  $\forall_{x\in X}\ \ g_1(x) := F(x\ 1)$.  Then  $g_1$  is a continuous extension of  $f:A\rightarrow Y$  onto $X$. Thus we have proven that $Y$ is an AR.

It follows that $Y$ is a retract of the whole $\mathbf R^n$. Indeed, space $Y$--being an AR--is a retract of a cube  $Q := [-\alpha;\alpha]^n$  which contains $Y$, while cube $Q$  is a retract of $\mathbf R^n$.

REMARK  The last argument was simple, correct and adequate but ad hoc. Here is a more basic (general) argument: let compact $Y\subseteq \mathbf R^n$ be and AR (for metric compact spaces). The Euclidean space $\mathbf R^n$ is a subspace of a metric compact space $C$ (e.g. of  $\mathbf R^n\cup\{\infty\} = \mathbf S^n$),  and $Y$ is a retract of $C$, hence $Y$ is a retract of $\mathbf R^n$.

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In addition to the monograph "Theory of Retracts" by K.Borsuk, there is also a monograph by S.T.Hu (the same Hu, who authored a beautiful monography on the Homotopy Theory).. These monographs complement each other well. (Do I really have to copy, delete, paste and edit my comment in ordere to correct one silly typo?) – Włodzimierz Holsztyński Jan 21 '13 at 3:32
Thanks for thw answer! I don't know another way to correct a typo.. – Clara Jan 21 '13 at 13:16
One may get their first taste of the retractions+AR+ANR topic from the elegant Appendix of the Eilenberg-Steenrod classic monograph on the foundations of the Algebraic Topology. – Włodzimierz Holsztyński Feb 9 '13 at 5:23

Observe that any retract of $\newcommand{\RR}{\mathbb{R}} \RR^n$ is necessarily a closed subspace of $\RR^n$. Assuming this necessary condition, the answer to the question is affirmative. More precisely, if $Y$ is a contractible ANR (absolute neighbourhood retract) and a closed subspace of $\RR^n$, then $Y$ is a retract of $\RR^n$. This is an instance of the following result.

Claim: Let $X$ be a metrizable ANR, and let $Y$ be an ANR and a closed subspace of $X$. If the inclusion of $Y$ into $X$ is a homotopy equivalence, then $Y$ is a retract of $X$.

This claim is an immediate consequence of the next two propositions.

Proposition 1: Let $X$ be a metrizable ANR, and let $Y$ be a closed subspace of $X$. If $Y$ is an ANR, then the inclusion of $Y$ into $X$ is a cofibration.

This is stated as proposition A.6.7 in the appendix to Fritsch and Piccinini's book "Cellular structures in topology", page 282. It is also stated and proved in Sze-Tsen Hu's 1965 book "Theory of retracts": see theorem 3.2 and corollary 3.3 on pages 120 and 121. Alternatively, you may look at the single lemma and its proof in this other answer, which gives proposition 1 for the case of ENRs.

Proposition 2: Assume $Y$ is a subspace of $X$ such that the inclusion of $Y$ into $X$ is a cofibration and a homotopy equivalence. Then $Y$ is a strong deformation retract of $X$; in particular, $Y$ is a retract of $X$.

This is a standard result in basic homotopy theory. For example, it is stated and proved as corollary 0.20 in chapter 0 of Allen Hatcher's book "Algebraic topology".

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