# Questions about the Fourier expansion of $e^{iz\cot(x)}$

Referring to a question I posted on MS, I post it here, as I didn't get an answer:

By analogy with the Jacobi–Anger expansion, one expects that $e^{iz\cot(x)}$ has a Fourier expansion of the form : $$e^{iz\cot(\theta)}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\Lambda_{n}(z)e^{in\theta}$$ $\Lambda_{n}(z)$ is given by: $$\Lambda_{n}(z)=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2}e^{iz\cot(\theta)-in\theta}d\theta$$ A simple calculation yields: $$\Lambda_{n}(z)=\frac{2}{n\pi}\sin\left(\frac{\pi n}{2} \right )\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{z^{m}}{m!}\text{F}_{1}\left(-\frac{n}{2};-m,m;1-\frac{n}{2};1,-1 \right )$$

Where $\text{F}_{1}(\alpha;\beta,\beta^{'};\gamma;x,y)$ is the Appell Hypergeometric Function. Now, I have two questions:

1-For a purely imaginary $z$,$\;\;$ $e^{iz\cot(\theta)}$ has essential singularities at $\theta=\pm n\pi$. How is that reflected in the Fourier expansion?

2-Can we express the infinite sum in terms of other special functions?

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## 1 Answer

I will try to answer your two questions in reverse order.

$2.$ For real $z$ your Fourier coefficient

$$\Lambda_{n}(z)=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\cos(n\theta-z\cot\theta)\;d\theta$$

can be expressed in terms of elementary functions for even $n$ and in terms of the special functions $I_{m}(z)$ (modified Bessel function of the first kind) and $L_{-m}(z)$ (modified Struve function) for odd $n$. The first few Fourier coefficients are

$$\Lambda_0(z)=e^{-|z|}$$

$$\Lambda_1(z)=\Lambda_{-1}(-z)=z L_{-1}(z)+zL_0(z)-|z|I_0(z)-|z|I_1(z)+2/\pi$$

$$\Lambda_2(z)=\Lambda_{-2}(-z)=e^{-|z|}(z-|z|)$$

For even $n$ the Fourier coefficient $L_n(z)\equiv 0$ for $nz>0$.

$1.$ The Fourier coefficients, given above along the real $z$-axis, can be continued analytically into the complex-$z$ plane, but not along the imaginary $z$-axis. The branch cut for imaginary $z$ is a direct consequence of the essential singularity you noticed.

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