Let's consider $X$ a (locally connected) topological space and $\mathcal{Sh}(X)$ the topos of sheaves over $X$. If you see sheaves as étale spaces, locally constants sheaves correspond to covering spaces.
Is there an internal (topos-theoretic) characterization of the locally constant sheaves?
I've searched in Sheaves in Geometry and Logic, but I haven't found anything, and in the nLab there seems to be something but I do not understand it (and it does not really look like an internal characterization).