Divergent series expansion in Apéry's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(3)$ - MathOverflow most recent 30 from http://mathoverflow.net 2013-05-18T20:05:55Z http://mathoverflow.net/feeds/question/94733 http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/rdf http://mathoverflow.net/questions/94733/divergent-series-expansion-in-aperys-proof-of-the-irrationality-of-zeta2-an Divergent series expansion in Apéry's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(3)$ Américo Tavares 2012-04-21T13:12:08Z 2013-04-26T17:44:16Z <p>UPDATE. <em>I am now making this a CW in the hope someone can improve the content of this question and/or correct the text.</em> </p> <p>This is a concise version of <a href="http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/123632/divergent-series-expansion-in-aperys-proof-of-the-irrationality-of-zeta2-a" rel="nofollow">this</a> math.SE question of mine. I've got <a href="http://math.stackexchange.com/a/123741/752" rel="nofollow">an answer</a> but it is not clear to me whether the explanation that was provided is enough.</p> <p>My apologies if the level of this question, which is my first one here, does not comply with the rules of this site.</p> <p>The question is: </p> <p>In Apéry, R., <em>Irrationalité de $\zeta 2$ et $\zeta 3$,</em> Société Mathématique de France, Astérisque 61 (1979) there is a <em>divergent</em> series expansion for a function I would like to understand. </p> <p><em>Added</em> copy of the original.</p> <p><img src="http://i.stack.imgur.com/sGRHk.jpg" alt="alt text"></p> <p>Here is my translation of the relevant part for this question </p> <blockquote> <p>(...) given a real sequence $a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{k}$, an analytic function $f\left( x\right)$ with respect to the variable $\frac{1}{x}$ tending to $0$ with $\frac{1}{x}$ admits a (unique) expansion in the form $$f\left( x\right) \equiv \sum_{k\geq 1}\frac{c_{k}}{\left( x+a_{1}\right) \left( x+a_{2}\right) \ldots \left( x+a_{k}\right) },\tag{A}$$</p> </blockquote> <p><em></em> and a translation of the text after the formula (provided in a <a href="http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/123632/asymptotic-divergent-series#comment358997_123632" rel="nofollow">comment</a> on math.SE)</p> <blockquote> <p>(We write $\equiv$ instead of $=$ to take into account the aversions of mathematicians who, following Abel, Cauchy and d'Alembert, hold divergent series to be an invention of the devil; in fact, we only ever use a finite sum of terms, but the number of terms is an unbounded function of $x$).</p> </blockquote> <p>As far as I understand, expansion of $f(x)$ in $(\mathrm{A})$ is in general a <em>divergent</em> series and not a convergent one. </p> <p><strong>Questions</strong></p> <ol> <li>Is series $(\mathrm{A})$ indeed divergent? (<em>question added</em>)</li> <li>Which is the theorem stating or from which $(\mathrm{A})$ can be derived? </li> <li>Could you please indicate a reference?</li> </ol> <p>ADDED. The most similar formula which is proved in Alf van der Poorten's article <em><a href="http://www.ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mwolf/Poorten_MI_195_0.pdf" rel="nofollow">A proof that Euler missed ... Apéry's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta (3)$</a></em> is this one in section 3</p> <p>$$\sum_{k=1}^{K}\frac{a_{1}a_{2}\cdots a_{k-1}}{(x+a_{1})\cdots (x+a_{k})}= \frac{1}{x}-\frac{a_{1}a_{2}\cdots a_{K}}{(x+a_{1})\cdots (x+a_{K})}.\tag{B}$$</p> <p><strong>Further edit</strong>. This article by Alf van der Poorten, which was indicated in Micah Milinovich's answer, had been pointed to in my original math.SE question. The author wrote in it that "the proof of $(\mathrm{B})$ follows easily on writing the right-hand side as $A_0 - A_K$ and noting that each term on the left is $A_{k-1} - A_k$. This explains [the following claim corresponding to $f(x)=1/x$]" </p> <p>$$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{a_{1}a_{2}\cdots a_{k-1}}{(x+a_{1})\cdots (x+a_{k})}= \frac{1}{x}.\tag{*}$$</p> <p>How to explain $(\mathrm{A})$ in the case when $f(x)$ is a general analytic function with respect to the variable $1/x$ which goes to $0$ with $1/x$?</p> <hr> <p><strong>Added.</strong> MOTIVATION. After reading in detail Alf van der Poorten's article I read the very short Roger Apéry's paper. I am interested in finding a proof of the series expansion in the latter, which is in not given in it. So I assumed it should be stated or derived from a theorem on the subject.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/94733/divergent-series-expansion-in-aperys-proof-of-the-irrationality-of-zeta2-an/94735#94735 Answer by Micah Milinovich for Divergent series expansion in Apéry's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(3)$ Micah Milinovich 2012-04-21T13:42:42Z 2012-04-21T13:42:42Z <p>I think that this is "amazing claim" number 1 in van der Poorten's paper "A proof that Euler missed ...."</p> <p><a href="http://www.ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mwolf/Poorten_MI_195_0.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mwolf/Poorten_MI_195_0.pdf</a></p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/94733/divergent-series-expansion-in-aperys-proof-of-the-irrationality-of-zeta2-an/95099#95099 Answer by chekk for Divergent series expansion in Apéry's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(3)$ chekk 2012-04-25T01:12:04Z 2012-04-25T01:12:04Z <p>Americo I feel you know the answer or maybe how to get there !</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/94733/divergent-series-expansion-in-aperys-proof-of-the-irrationality-of-zeta2-an/97263#97263 Answer by Dr Fabio Lima for Divergent series expansion in Apéry's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(3)$ Dr Fabio Lima 2012-05-17T21:18:21Z 2012-05-17T21:18:21Z <p>Prezado Americo Tavares,</p> <p>Seria possivel tu me enviares por e-mail (fabio--et--fis.unb.br) uma copia do artigo original do Apery, com a prova da irracionalidade desta constante. Como o artigo eh muito antigo (1978), nao consegui encontra-lo aqui na minha biblioteca.</p> <p>Agradeco-te antecipadamente,</p> <p>Fabio M. S. Lima</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/94733/divergent-series-expansion-in-aperys-proof-of-the-irrationality-of-zeta2-an/99595#99595 Answer by Américo Tavares for Divergent series expansion in Apéry's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(3)$ Américo Tavares 2012-06-14T11:22:18Z 2013-04-26T17:44:16Z <p><a href="http://math.stackexchange.com/q/123632/752" rel="nofollow">The version of this question posted on Mathematics Stack Exchange</a> got a <a href="http://math.stackexchange.com/a/157890/752" rel="nofollow">new answer</a> yesterday by robjohn, which I've already approved.</p> <p>ADDED: I quote robjohn's anwer:</p> <p>Writing $g_1(x)=f(1/x)$ gives $$g_1(x)\equiv\sum_{k\ge1}\frac{c_kx^k}{(1+a_1x)(1+a_2x)\dots(1+a_kx)}\tag{1}$$ which vanishes at $x=0$.</p> <p>Recursively define $$g_{n+1}(x)=\frac{(1+a_nx)g_n(x)}{x}-c_n\tag{2}$$ where $$c_n=\lim_{x\to0}\frac{g_n(x)}{x}\tag{3}$$ Then $$g_n(x)\equiv\sum_{k\ge n}\frac{c_kx^{k-n+1}}{(1+a_nx)(1+a_{n+1}x)\dots(1+a_kx)}\tag{4}$$ is another series like $(1)$ (which vanishes at $x=0$).</p> <p>The series in $(1)$ may or may not converge, as with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Maclaurin_formula" rel="nofollow">Euler-Maclaurin Sum Series</a>. As with most asymptotic series, we are only interested in the first several terms; the remainder (not the remaining terms) can be bounded by something smaller than the preceding terms. Therefore, convergence is not an issue.</p>