Will a ball fired through a focus of an ellipse eventually tend to a horizontal line? - MathOverflow

Will a ball fired through a focus of an ellipse eventually tend to a horizontal line?

2011-03-21T11:57:31Z

A couple of years ago I came across this phenomenon which appears to be true although I am having difficulty proving it.

F and F' are foci of the ellipse. A ball is fired through one of them, I can prove that it will subsequently pass through the other ellipse (this is infact the question that sparked off this idea). Now if we continue to follow the path of the ball then it seeems as though it will eventually tend to travel in a horizontal line. Some ideas I had were to create triangles and develop a recursive sequence of an angle and see if this tended to 0 or do a similar thing with the gradient of the path of the ball and see if this tended to 0 but couldn't quite get a nice formula either way.

This question is actually Exercise 4.3 in the following notes http://www.math.psu.edu/tabachni/Books/billiardsgeometry.pdf

Answer by Gjergji Zaimi for Will a ball fired through a focus of an ellipse eventually tend to a horizontal line?

2011-03-21T13:06:25Z

Just a couple of hints. Let's say our ellipse has foci $F_1=(-a,0)$ and $F_2=(a,0)$. Your idea of looking at the sequence of angles $\theta_n$ that the ray makes with the x-axis after it passes from $F_1$ for the $n$th time, can be made to work!

At every stage consider $F_1\to X\to F_2\to Y\to F_1\to X'$, where $X,Y,X'$ are on the boundary. If $F_1X$ makes an angle $\theta_n$ with the x-axis then, $F_1X'$ makes an angle of $\theta_{n+1}$, however simple geometry shows $$\theta_{n+1}=\angle X'F_1F_2=\pi-\angle YF_1F_2=\angle F_2F_1X+(\angle F_1XF_2+\angle F_2YF_1)$$ $$\geq \angle F_2F_1X=\theta_n$$

So $\{\theta_n\}$ is a monotonic increasing sequence on $(0,\pi)$, and therefore it must have a limit. It is easy to show that this limit has to be $\pi$, proving your assertion.

Answer by zeb for Will a ball fired through a focus of an ellipse eventually tend to a horizontal line?

2011-03-21T18:21:31Z

Edit: sorry, there used to be a completely wrong solution here (I thought that a certain singular curve was a projective line). Now it is fixed.

There is another solution using algebraic geometry. Identify the ellipse with the projective line by sending the two points where the line through the foci meets the ellipse to $0$ and $\infty$. The map we get by starting from a point on the ellipse, getting the second intersection of the line through it and $F$ with the ellipse, then getting the second intersection of the line through that point and $F'$ with the ellipse is an invertible algebraic map sending $0$ to $0$ and $\infty$ to $\infty$, so it must have the form $x \mapsto cx$ for some constant $c$ (depending on the eccentricity). Thus, the billiard ball approaches the horizontal line at an exponential rate.