Question about closed projection - MathOverflow most recent 30 from http://mathoverflow.net 2013-05-25T15:37:13Z http://mathoverflow.net/feeds/question/31600 http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/rdf http://mathoverflow.net/questions/31600/question-about-closed-projection Question about closed projection Italo 2010-07-12T19:10:28Z 2010-07-15T06:16:21Z <p>I'm wondering if the following can be true: Let Y be a second countable space and $\pi_2:Y \times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ ($\mathbb{R}$ with its usual topology and $\pi_2$ the projection onto the second factor) be a closed map: do these assumptions imply that Y is compact? (There is no assumption $T_0$, $T_1$ or $T_2$ on $Y$.)</p> <p>thank you in advance.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/31600/question-about-closed-projection/31710#31710 Answer by BS for Question about closed projection BS 2010-07-13T14:36:13Z 2010-07-13T15:26:57Z <p>I assume that by compact, you mean quasi-compact (i.e. not necessarily Hausdorff but with the finite sucover property), otherwise any $Y$ with the coarsest topology would be a counterexample.</p> <p>Then it seems that your notion is equivalent to pseudocompactness, namely that any continous $f:Y\to\mathbb{R}$ has compact image. I checked that quickly, so I may be wrong. </p> <p>EDIT : indeed I am, see below. The property is slightly stronger than that. </p> <p>(I haven't found a reference in MR, although I would bet it is an exercise in Bourbaki).</p> <p>The idea is first to observe that the property remains the same if you substitute $\mathbb{R}$ with $[0,1]\simeq[-\infty,\infty]$, basically because any one is included in the other (up to homeo).</p> <p>Then since the graph of a continuous $f:Y\to\mathbb{R}$ is closed, $f(Y)$ must be closed in $\mathbb{R}$ and <em>also</em> $[-\infty,\infty]$, hence bounded. Similarly, any lower/upper semi-continuous $f$ is lower/upper bounded and attains its inf/sup, since $f$ is lsc iff its "epigraph" ${(y,t):f(y)\leq t}$ is closed.</p> <p>For the converse, if $F$ is closed in $Y\times[0,1]$, but not its projection $F_2$, one may assume that $0$ isn't in $F_2$ but is in its closure. Then the function $y\mapsto \inf t : (y,t)\in F$ is lower semi-continuous and doesn't attain its infimum $0$.</p> <p>EDIT: pseudocompactness doen't imply that lsc functions attain their infimum in general (not completely regular) spaces : there is no way to construct a continuous function from an lsc one if there are "not enough" continuous functions. Your property is indeed <em>stronger</em> than pseudocompactness, as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particular_point_topology" rel="nofollow">particular point topology</a> on $\mathbb N$ shows. This space is homeomorphic to $\mathrm{Spec}(\mathbb{Z})$ with Zariski topology : a discrete countable subspace (primes) plus a dense "generic point" (0). Any continuous function is constant (hence pseudocompactness), but a function $f$ is lsc iff $f\leq f(0)$ !! (I checked that twice, it's so shocking!)</p> <p>So your property is equivalent to "lsc real-valued functions attain their lower bound", which may have a name, I don't know. Maybe "strongly pseudocompact" ? </p> <p>By the way, pseudocompact doesn't imply (quasi-)compact, even for "nice" (completely regular) spaces, as is seen with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_line_%2528topology%2529" rel="nofollow">long line</a> or simply the first uncountable ordinal $\omega_1$ (with order topology). There are also non-Hausdorff examples, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocompact_space" rel="nofollow">wikipedia article</a>.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/31600/question-about-closed-projection/31957#31957 Answer by Henno Brandsma for Question about closed projection Henno Brandsma 2010-07-15T04:22:56Z 2010-07-15T06:16:21Z <p>Let $(y_n)$ be a sequence in $Y$. Let $A$ be the subset of $Y \times \mathbf{R}$ of all points $(y_n, \frac{1}{n})$ for $n \in \mathbf{N}$, and let $B$ be its closure. Then $\pi_2[B]$ is closed in $\mathbf{R}$, and contains all points $\frac{1}{n}$, so it contains $0$. So for some $y \in Y$, $(y,0) \in B$. Using the countable base we can extract a subsequence of the $(y_n)$ that converges to $Y$ (as $Y$ is first countable in particular). We do then need that $y$ is in the closure of all subsequences of $(y_n)$ as well, which follows in a similar way, otherwise we cannot get (without separation axioms) a convergent subsequence from first countability alone. But this works.</p> <p>So $Y$ is sequentially compact, which implies that $Y$ is countably compact (in the covering sense; no separation axioms needed) and as $Y$ is also Lindelöf, being second countable, $Y$ is compact. </p>