How to show the matrix exponential is onto? And, how to create a powerseries for log that works outside B(I,1) - MathOverflow most recent 30 from http://mathoverflow.net 2013-05-22T07:21:16Z http://mathoverflow.net/feeds/question/29749 http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/rdf http://mathoverflow.net/questions/29749/how-to-show-the-matrix-exponential-is-onto-and-how-to-create-a-powerseries-for How to show the matrix exponential is onto? And, how to create a powerseries for log that works outside B(I,1) unknown (google) 2010-06-28T06:08:19Z 2011-04-12T21:44:46Z <p>Hi, I've been looking for a clear reference which shows that the matrix exponential is surjective from $M_{n}(C)$ to $Gl_{n}(C)$. Wikipedia claims this is true, but I haven't seen it proven... Also, can someone suggest how to create a power series for a function log(x) defined for a given $A\in Gl_{n}(C)$ thats outside our standard set B(I,1)??? Specifically, what if $A=e^{B}$ with $\det(B)=0$? Thanks in advance? Tom Petrillo</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/29749/how-to-show-the-matrix-exponential-is-onto-and-how-to-create-a-powerseries-for/29760#29760 Answer by Victor Protsak for How to show the matrix exponential is onto? And, how to create a powerseries for log that works outside B(I,1) Victor Protsak 2010-06-28T10:27:22Z 2010-06-28T10:27:22Z <p>My recollection is that Rossmann's book on Lie groups has a detailed discussion of the exponential map and surjectivity issue. Matrix exponential map is equivariant under conjugation,</p> <p>$$\exp(gXg^{-1})=g\exp(X)g^{-1},$$ </p> <p>and, as Robin has already remarked, one can easily check that a matrix in Jordan normal form is in the image of $\exp: M_n(\mathbb{C})\to GL_n(\mathbb{C}),$ establishing surjectivity for $G=GL_n(\mathbb{C}).$ </p> <p>As for your second question, you can always (a) rescale (b) shift by scalar matrices and re-center the $\log$ series:</p> <p>$$(a)\ \exp(nB)=\exp(B)^n\quad (b)\ \exp(B+\lambda I_n)=e^{\lambda}\exp(B).$$</p> <p>For topological reasons, there isn't a canonical formula for $\log$ that works locally everywhere.</p> <hr> <p><b>Warning:</b>. Exponential map is not always surjective. The following family of matrices is not in the image of the exponential map from the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{sl}_2(\mathbb{C})$ (traceless $2\times 2$ matrices) to the Lie group $G=SL_2(\mathbb{C})$ (unit determinant $2\times 2$ matrices):</p> <p><code>$$h_a=\begin{bmatrix} -1 &amp; a\\ 0 &amp; -1 \end{bmatrix},\ a\ne 0.$$</code></p> <p>No preimage in $M_2(\mathbb{C})$ of $h_a$ under $\exp$ can have trace $0$. Indeed, if $\exp(X_a)=h_a$ then the eigenvalues of $X_a$ must be $\pi i+2\pi n, -\pi i - 2\pi m (n, m\in \mathbb{Z})$ and the trace condition implies that $n=m,$ so $X_a$ has distinct eigenvalues, hence it is diagonalizable, but $h_a$ is not &mdash; contradiction.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/29749/how-to-show-the-matrix-exponential-is-onto-and-how-to-create-a-powerseries-for/36765#36765 Answer by Denis Serre for How to show the matrix exponential is onto? And, how to create a powerseries for log that works outside B(I,1) Denis Serre 2010-08-26T13:57:06Z 2010-08-26T13:57:06Z <p>Contrary to Pietro's claim, $\exp$ is not a group homomorphism on $M_n({\mathbb C})$. However, it is one, when restricting to a commutative sub-algebra ${\mathcal C}[M]$, $M$ a given matrix. This, plus some easy topological arguments, is used to prove that the exponential is surjective onto $GL_n({\mathbb C})$. See Exercise 66 in my web-site <a href="http://www.umpa.ens-lyon.fr/~serre/DPF/exobis.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.umpa.ens-lyon.fr/~serre/DPF/exobis.pdf</a> . This exercise contains in addition the result that the image of $\exp$ over $M_n({\mathbb R})$ coincides with the image of $M\mapsto M^2$ over $GL_n({\mathbb R})$.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/29749/how-to-show-the-matrix-exponential-is-onto-and-how-to-create-a-powerseries-for/61476#61476 Answer by Enrique Macias for How to show the matrix exponential is onto? And, how to create a powerseries for log that works outside B(I,1) Enrique Macias 2011-04-12T21:44:46Z 2011-04-12T21:44:46Z <p>A proof is sketched as an exercise in Warner's book</p>