Major mathematical advances past age fifty - MathOverflow [closed] most recent 30 from http://mathoverflow.net 2013-05-20T19:44:57Z http://mathoverflow.net/feeds/question/25630 http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/rdf http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty Major mathematical advances past age fifty Halfdan Faber 2010-05-23T06:56:26Z 2012-08-21T00:49:26Z <p>From A Mathematician’s Apology, G. H. Hardy, 1940: "I had better say something here about this question of age, since it is particularly important for mathematicians. No mathematician should ever allow himself to forget that mathematics, more than any other art or science, is a young man's game. ... I do not know an instance of a major mathematical advance initiated by a man past fifty. If a man of mature age loses interest in and abandons mathematics, the loss is not likely to be very serious either for mathematics or for himself."</p> <p>Have matters improved for the elderly mathematician? Please answer with major discoveries made by mathematicians past 50.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25631#25631 Answer by David Hansen for Major mathematical advances past age fifty David Hansen 2010-05-23T07:12:56Z 2010-05-23T07:12:56Z <p>Roger Apery was 62 when he proved the irrationality of $\zeta(3)$.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25632#25632 Answer by Tony Huynh for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Tony Huynh 2010-05-23T07:20:34Z 2010-05-23T07:20:34Z <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" rel="nofollow">Leonhard Euler</a>. According to the wikipedia page, he still managed to produce one paper per <em>week</em> in the year 1775 (at age 68), despite deteriorating eyesight. As a concrete example, at age 65 he proved that $2^{31} − 1$ is a Mersenne prime, which may have remained the largest known prime for the next 95 years. </p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25634#25634 Answer by Angelo for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Angelo 2010-05-23T07:30:04Z 2010-05-23T07:30:04Z <p>Zariski proved what might be arguably his greatest result, the theorem on formal functions, just after turning fifty. He also initiated a whole field of enquiry, the theory of equisingularity, in his late 60's.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25635#25635 Answer by arun s for Major mathematical advances past age fifty arun s 2010-05-23T07:32:13Z 2010-05-23T07:32:13Z <p>Weierstrass approximation theorem was proved by Karl Weierstrass when he was 70 years old</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25636#25636 Answer by DoubleJay for Major mathematical advances past age fifty DoubleJay 2010-05-23T07:51:28Z 2010-05-23T07:51:28Z <p>Christos Papadimitriou is in his late 50's now (I can't find his exact age, which is a little strange), and in just the past few years he's done major work in algorithmic game theory, a field at least somewhat removed from the one he made his career in. Technically, he's a theoretical computer scientist - I say this is close enough though.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25638#25638 Answer by Victor Protsak for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Victor Protsak 2010-05-23T08:39:50Z 2010-05-23T09:53:37Z <p>There are many examples of people doing significant work into their 60s and 70s, but fewer great discoveries. Here are a couple of my favorites:</p> <ol> <li><p>August Ferdinand Möbius discovered the <b>Möbius band</b> in 1858 at age 68 (the date referenced in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moebus_strip" rel="nofollow">Wikipedia</a>). Other sources place the discovery even later: in 1861 he submitted to the French Academy prize competition a paper on it that passed unnoticed. As John Stillwell pointed out, in 1863 (age 73), Möbius published the classification of surfaces by genus (and in 1865 he finally described the Möbius band and the notion of orientability in print). Johann Benedict Listing turned 54 in 1862, the year in which he published a memoir discussing a 4-dimensional generalization of Euler's formula and described the Möbius band which he discovered independently. </p></li> <li><p>Julius Plücker was 64 in 1865, when he "returned to the field of geometry" after a hiatus of nearly 20 years (Wikipedia, McTutor, Cajori) and discovered the <b>"line geometry"</b> (it is possible that the roots of this discovery go back to his 1846 monograph). The first volume of his book <em>Neue Geometrie des Raumes</em> describing it was published in 1868 and the second volume was completed and published posthumously by Felix Klein in 1869. The idea of using higher-dimensional objects as points in new "geometry" made profound impact on Klein and Sophus Lie and led to the Erlangen program and, by route of Lie sphere geometry, to Lie's general theory of transformation groups. This also marked one of the first appearances of higer-dimensional spaces in geometry.</p></li> </ol> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25640#25640 Answer by Anweshi for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Anweshi 2010-05-23T08:59:47Z 2010-05-23T08:59:47Z <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_number" rel="nofollow">Fermat number</a> $F_6$ was shown to have nontrivial factorization, by Landry at the age of 82. And apparently it was Landry's only mathematical publication.</p> <p>(Source: Ribenboim, Prime number records(the smaller book).)</p> <p>This is perhaps not a "major mathematical advance" in the sense of Hardy; but is inspiring nonetheless. I have seen a good number of elderly retired people with dreams of solving Fermat's Last Theorem or other such theorems in a simple way, and doggedly keep on trying and without getting disheartened by the lack of recognition for their efforts.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25644#25644 Answer by Anweshi for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Anweshi 2010-05-23T09:28:15Z 2010-05-23T09:28:15Z <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorema_Egregium" rel="nofollow">Theorema Egregium</a> was published by Gauss in 1828. Since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" rel="nofollow">Gauss was born in 1777</a>, he ought to have been a little over 50 then.</p> <p>Ref: Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curva (1828) </p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25649#25649 Answer by John Stillwell for Major mathematical advances past age fifty John Stillwell 2010-05-23T10:32:48Z 2010-05-24T22:36:42Z <p>P. S. Novikov was 54 when he gave the first proof (143 pages!) of the unsolvability of the word problem for groups in 1955, and 58 when he co-solved the Burnside problem with S. I. Adian.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25650#25650 Answer by Franz Lemmermeyer for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Franz Lemmermeyer 2010-05-23T10:54:30Z 2010-05-23T10:54:30Z <p>Furtw&auml;ngler proved the principal ideal theorem when he was almost 60. No small feat given that Artin and Schreier simultaneously were working on it. </p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25651#25651 Answer by Thomas Sauvaget for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Thomas Sauvaget 2010-05-23T11:08:24Z 2010-05-23T11:21:36Z <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincare_conjecture" rel="nofollow">Poincaré's conjecture</a> has been <a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/l482x733387176u4/" rel="nofollow">formulated in 1904</a>, when he had just turned 50, while presenting a counter-example (the Poincaré homology sphere) to another earlier conjecture of his. Probably, given the impact it has had for a whole century, the precise formulation of the conjecture can be seen as a "major discovery" by itself.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25658#25658 Answer by Leonid Petrov for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Leonid Petrov 2010-05-23T11:55:32Z 2010-05-23T11:55:32Z <p>Karl Dickman (born 1862) published the only math paper in 1930 (age 68) about distribution of prime factors. He discovered the asymptotic distribution of the largest prime divisor of n, where n is chosen uniformly from $1,...,N$ and $N\to\infty$ (this is Dickman distribution). Much later the distribution of other prime divisors was described. This is related to the famous Poisson-Dirichlet distribution. (see also "The Poisson–Dirichlet Distribution and its Relatives Revisited" by Lars Holst).</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25671#25671 Answer by Victor Miller for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Victor Miller 2010-05-23T14:59:15Z 2010-05-23T14:59:15Z <p>Louis de Branges solved the Bieberbach conjecture in 1985 when he was 53.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25672#25672 Answer by Victor Miller for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Victor Miller 2010-05-23T15:03:29Z 2010-05-23T15:03:29Z <p>Kurt Heegner published his only, extremely influential paper, in 1952 when he was 59. However it took nearly 20 years for the mathematical community to realize what a gem it was.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25675#25675 Answer by Abtan Massini for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Abtan Massini 2010-05-23T15:22:07Z 2010-05-23T15:22:07Z <p>Connes has initiated whole new areas of mathematics since turning 50: spectral triples, and his novel approach to the Riemann hypothesis, for example.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25679#25679 Answer by jeebus for Major mathematical advances past age fifty jeebus 2010-05-23T16:04:52Z 2010-05-23T16:04:52Z <p><strong>Marina Ratner</strong> (b. 1938) proved Ratner's Theorems around 1990. They are some of the biggest advances in ergodic theory for quite a long time.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25683#25683 Answer by Andrew L for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Andrew L 2010-05-23T16:25:57Z 2010-07-26T21:28:30Z <p>And of course, Dennis Sullivan and James Stasheff, both well into thier 60's and 70's, are still both major contributors to topology and categorical algebra.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25689#25689 Answer by Deane Yang for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Deane Yang 2010-05-23T16:46:23Z 2010-05-23T16:46:23Z <p>Although I concede that there is some truth to the belief that the greatest conceptual breakthroughs in mathematics are made by younger mathematicians, I think it has led to the mistaken idea that older mathematicians rarely do anything significant.</p> <p>I just don't think it's that uncommon for top mathematicians today to be productive after they're 50. Atiyah and Bott did great work after they were 50. It seems to me that so did Singer. Although most mathematicians slow down after they are 50, so do most non-mathematicians. But there are not a few exceptions to this.</p> <p>And is any of this that different from other fields?</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25700#25700 Answer by Kristal Cantwell for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Kristal Cantwell 2010-05-23T17:42:47Z 2010-05-25T01:44:32Z <p>Paul Erdős continued to do work in many fields including combinatorics after his 50th birthday. Some of his papers are <a href="http://www.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/Erdos.html" rel="nofollow">here</a></p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25772#25772 Answer by Zoran Škoda for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Zoran Škoda 2010-05-24T14:34:02Z 2010-05-24T14:34:02Z <p>This is not really an answer but an objection to most of the answers at this pages and in particular to not so well formed question (it does not do justice to Hardy's book in my opinion). </p> <p>If you read the whole chapter of Hardy's book where the excerpt is from, Hardy explains somewhere that he does not know a highest class mathematician whose best discoveries came after 50. I recall after reading the whole chapter that I was convinced with the bulk of text that Hardy meant that there are no major advances by a mathematician after 50, unless they had major discoveries also before 50. So Euler and Poincare are not counterexamples to Hardy's experience, and some other answers in this column are not as well! Of course some people completed earlier work after 50, or continued with major advances while they already became major mathematicians before, but do you really a know a mathematician who done no major research before 50 and done such world class research after 50 ?? Also do not look the publication dates but the creation dates. </p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25813#25813 Answer by Steve D for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Steve D 2010-05-24T22:31:50Z 2010-05-24T22:31:50Z <p>Philip Hall published his paper with Higman, as well as his "Theorems like Sylow's", after he was 50. These are arguably his two biggest papers (and the Hall-Higman paper is arguably one of the most important papers in group theory).</p> <p>Steve</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25824#25824 Answer by Michael Greenblatt for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Michael Greenblatt 2010-05-24T23:52:34Z 2010-05-24T23:52:34Z <p>Something fitting this description that I haven't seen mentioned here is Norman Levinson's proof that asymptotically 1/3 of the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function lie on the critical line, which was the best result of its kind at the time. He was a little over 60 when he proved this, shortly before his death. What I find most remarkable about this is that he didn't really do much number theory until his last few years.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/25840#25840 Answer by John Stillwell for Major mathematical advances past age fifty John Stillwell 2010-05-25T03:11:23Z 2010-05-25T03:11:23Z <p>Since no one has mentioned A.N. Kolmogorov (born 1903), I hope I may be forgiven for a second answer. The following is from Kolmogorov's Wikipedia biography.</p> <p>In classical mechanics, he is best known for the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem (first presented in 1954 at the International Congress of Mathematicians). In 1957 he solved Hilbert's thirteenth problem (a joint work with his student V. I. Arnold). He was a founder of algorithmic complexity theory, often referred to as Kolmogorov complexity theory, which he began to develop around this time.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/26748#26748 Answer by Franz Lemmermeyer for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Franz Lemmermeyer 2010-06-01T18:28:53Z 2010-06-01T18:28:53Z <p>This "almost" answers Zoran Škoda's question: <a href="http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~ci3/manu.html#gruen" rel="nofollow">Otto Gr&uuml;n</a> (his theorems in group theory are still well known) published his first paper at the age of 46. </p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/27320#27320 Answer by Jérôme Poineau for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Jérôme Poineau 2010-06-07T07:05:00Z 2010-06-07T07:05:00Z <p>When Khare and Wintenberger proved Serre's conjecture, Wintenberger was older than fifty.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/27378#27378 Answer by brondell for Major mathematical advances past age fifty brondell 2010-06-07T18:55:11Z 2010-06-07T18:55:11Z <p>According to wiki, Mihailescu got his PhD at the age of 42; and then proved Catalan's conjecture (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan%2527s_conjecture" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan%27s_conjecture</a>) in 2002, age 47, so almost 50.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/30404#30404 Answer by Elemer E Rosinger for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Elemer E Rosinger 2010-07-03T13:00:58Z 2010-07-03T13:00:58Z <p>The story with one's age is very simple : different persons can age very differently. If one takes care not to age in the wrong way for a given intellectual venture, then quite likely, one can pursue it for many decades ... And of course, mathematics is an intellectual venture ... A good example of how little physical condition is needed for pursuing an intellectual venture is given by the well known physicist Stephen Hawking ...</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/32441#32441 Answer by Péter Komjáth for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Péter Komjáth 2010-07-19T04:51:13Z 2010-07-19T04:51:13Z <p>Tibor Rado introduced the busy beaver function and proved its noncomputablity at the age of 67. </p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/32484#32484 Answer by abel for Major mathematical advances past age fifty abel 2010-07-19T12:46:18Z 2012-08-20T18:53:27Z <p>Caspar Wessel, a surveyor born in 1745, presented his only math paper "Om Directionens analytiske Betegning" (in Danish) in 1797 at the age of fifty two on complex numbers. His paper was forgotten for almost 100 years until his paper was translated into french in 1878(?). In the meantime Gauss in 1831 and Argand in 1806 re discovered Wessel's idea.</p> <p>By reading the texts in Complex Numbers you will hardly know the contributions Wessel.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/55520#55520 Answer by unknown (google) for Major mathematical advances past age fifty unknown (google) 2011-02-15T14:40:25Z 2011-02-15T14:40:25Z <p>Andre Weil lay the modern foundation of "theta series" in Acta math. (1964/65) when he was almost 60 years old!</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/55521#55521 Answer by Joël for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Joël 2011-02-15T15:28:00Z 2011-02-15T15:28:00Z <p>Uncle Petros proved Goldbach's conjecture just minutes before his death, when he was more than sixty.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/105104#105104 Answer by Harun Šiljak for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Harun Šiljak 2012-08-20T18:02:24Z 2012-08-20T18:02:24Z <p>A recent example (you may or may not think it's a major advance - but it is certainly big news in fundamental game theory): William Press (64) and the legendary Freeman Dyson (89) have shown that iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma contains strategies that dominate any evolutionary opponent (in the paper bearing the same title).</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/105122#105122 Answer by Alain Valette for Major mathematical advances past age fifty Alain Valette 2012-08-20T21:57:47Z 2012-08-20T21:57:47Z <p>Burnside proved the $p^aq^b$ theorem at age 53.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/25630/major-mathematical-advances-past-age-fifty/105134#105134 Answer by PaPiro for Major mathematical advances past age fifty PaPiro 2012-08-21T00:29:29Z 2012-08-21T00:49:26Z <p>Fourier (1768 - 1830) presented his work <em>Théorie analytique de la chaleur</em> in 1822 at age 54.</p>