What is a good example of a hyperspace where the base space is non-Hausdorff? - MathOverflow most recent 30 from http://mathoverflow.net 2013-05-21T07:15:03Z http://mathoverflow.net/feeds/question/121775 http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/rdf http://mathoverflow.net/questions/121775/what-is-a-good-example-of-a-hyperspace-where-the-base-space-is-non-hausdorff What is a good example of a hyperspace where the base space is non-Hausdorff? Tom LaGatta 2013-02-14T04:42:41Z 2013-02-14T19:37:12Z <p>Let $X$ be a topological space, and let $\operatorname{CL}(X)$ be its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspace_(topology)" rel="nofollow">hyperspace</a>. That is, $\operatorname{CL}(X)$ is the set of closed subsets of $X$, equipped with the minimal topology so that the canonical map <code>$$x \mapsto \overline{\{x\}}$$</code>is a homeomorphism onto its image. </p> <p><a href="http://www.heldermann-verlag.de/jca/jca01/jca01013.pdf" rel="nofollow">Typically</a>, the base space is assumed to be Hausdorff (or at least $T_1$), so that the closure of a singleton is the singleton itself. However, the definition of a hyperspace is perfectly suitable when the space is not Hausdorff, and surely this comes in handy sometimes. </p> <p>What is a good example of a hyperspace $\operatorname{CL}(X)$ where the base space $X$ is non-Hausdorff?</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/121775/what-is-a-good-example-of-a-hyperspace-where-the-base-space-is-non-hausdorff/121790#121790 Answer by Todd Trimble for What is a good example of a hyperspace where the base space is non-Hausdorff? Todd Trimble 2013-02-14T11:57:03Z 2013-02-14T11:57:03Z <p>A source of examples that comes to mind is Alexandroff topologies. For example, take the natural numbers $\mathbb{N}$, and declare a set $U \subseteq \mathbb{N}$ to be open if it is downward closed in the usual order. The closure of a point $n$ is then $\{m \in \mathbb{N}: m \geq n\}$. The poset of closed sets under reverse inclusion looks like the ordinal $\omega + 1$, and if you give this the Alexandroff topology as well (open sets = down-sets), then this will give a hypertopology. </p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/121775/what-is-a-good-example-of-a-hyperspace-where-the-base-space-is-non-hausdorff/121822#121822 Answer by Adam Epstein for What is a good example of a hyperspace where the base space is non-Hausdorff? Adam Epstein 2013-02-14T18:52:09Z 2013-02-14T19:37:12Z <p>I've made use of this in some (unpublished) work in connection with a formalism for discussing so-called geometric limits of holomorphic dynamical systems. The details of the specific application are not so relevant, but I've copied the statement here to give a sense of how what is essentially Fell's Theorem yields a useful compactness statement that was otherwise not possible to even formulate this precisely. Todd and Benjamin's comments are relevant. What saves the day is the fact that the original space, while not Hausdorff, is still sober. </p> <p>A <em>holomorphic dynamical system</em> on a complex manifold $X$ is any collection of open analytic maps, from open subsets to $X$, containing the identity and all implied restrictions and compositions. We say that the systems <code>${\cal F}_\eta$</code> converge <em>geometrically</em> to the system $\cal F$ whenever</p> <p><code>$$\liminf {\cal F}_\eta ={\cal F}= \limsup {\cal F}_\eta$$</code> where $\liminf$ and $\limsup$ are given by the prescription:</p> <p><code>$$\liminf {\cal F}_\eta = \{f: f_\eta\rightarrow f \mbox{ for some } f_\eta \mbox{ chosen from } {\cal F}_\eta\}$$</code></p> <p><code>$$\limsup {\cal F}_\eta = \{f: f_{\eta_\kappa}\rightarrow f \mbox{ for some } f_{\eta_\kappa} \mbox{ chosen from some } {\cal F}_{\eta_\kappa}\}.$$</code></p> <p>By $f_\eta\rightarrow f$ we mean uniform convergence on compact subsets of converging domains: that is, the domain of $f$ contains a given compact set if and only if the domain of $f_\eta$ eventually does. A system $\cal F$ is <em>closed</em> if it contains every $g$ such that $f_\eta\rightarrow g$ for some <code>$f_\eta\in{\cal F}$.</code></p> <p>We denote the set of holomorphic dynamical systems on $X$ by $HDS(X)$, and the subset of closed holomorphic dynamical systems by ${\bf HDS}(X)$. </p> <p><strong>Theorem</strong></p> <p>(1) There is a unique topology on ${\bf HDS}(X)$ such that <code>${\cal F}_\eta\rightarrow{\cal F}$</code> if and only if <code>$\liminf {\cal F}_\eta ={\cal F}= \limsup {\cal F}_\eta$</code>.</p> <p>(2) The space ${\bf HDS}(X)$ is compact and Hausdorff. </p> <p>(3) If $X$ has countably many components then ${\bf HDS}(X)$ is second countable and metrizable.</p> <p>The space ${\bf HDS}(X)$ both generalizes and contains the space of closed subgroups of PSL<code>$_2{\mathbb{C}}$</code> with the Hausdorff-Chabauty topology, but the construction requires closer attention to fine points of general topology. In particular, since the appropriate ambient space is neither Hausdorff nor regular, the proper definition of local compactness is crucial: here it should be in the sense that every open neighborhood of a point contains a compact subneighborhood. For any topological space $X$, Fell's prescription yields a compact topological space $Fell(X)$ whose points are the closed subsets of $X$. and which is $Fell(X)$ is compact. Moreover, if $X$ is locally compact then:</p> <p>(1) The space $Fell(X)$ is Hausdorff.</p> <p>(2) <code>${F}_\eta\rightarrow{F}$</code> if and only if <code>$\liminf {F}_\eta ={F}= \limsup {F}_\eta$</code>.</p> <p>(3) If $X$ is second countable then $Fell(X)$ is second countable and metrizable.</p>