If associated-graded of a filtered bialgebra is Hopf, does it follow that the original bialgebra was Hopf? - MathOverflow most recent 30 from http://mathoverflow.net 2013-05-20T07:01:34Z http://mathoverflow.net/feeds/question/10827 http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/rdf http://mathoverflow.net/questions/10827/if-associated-graded-of-a-filtered-bialgebra-is-hopf-does-it-follow-that-the-ori If associated-graded of a filtered bialgebra is Hopf, does it follow that the original bialgebra was Hopf? Theo Johnson-Freyd 2010-01-05T17:52:58Z 2010-01-05T18:52:52Z <p>Warning: older texts use the word "Hopf algebra" for what's now commonly called "bialgebra", whereas now "Hopf" is an extra condition. So as to avoid any confusion, I'll give my definitions before concluding with my question.</p> <h2>Definitions</h2> <p>Let $C$ be a category with symmetric monoidal structure $\otimes$ and unit $1$ (and either strictify, or decorate all the following equations with associators and unitators and so on). An (associative, unital) <em>algebra</em> in $(C,\otimes)$ is an object $V$ along with maps $e: 1\to V$ and $m: V\otimes V \to V$ satisfying associativity and unit axioms: $m\circ(m\otimes \text{id}) = m\circ (\text{id}\otimes m)$ and $m\circ (\text{id}\otimes e) = \text{id} = m\circ (e\otimes \text{id})$. A (coassociative, counital) <em>coalgebra</em> is an object $V$ along with maps $\epsilon: V\to 1$ and $\Delta: V \to V\otimes V$ satisfying coassociativity and counit axioms. A <em>bialgebra</em> is any of the following equivalent things:</p> <ul> <li>A coalgebra in the category of algebras and algebra-homomorphisms ($1$ has its canonical algebra structure coming from the $\otimes$ axioms that $1\otimes 1 = 1$; in the tensor product of algebras, elements in the different multiplicands commute)</li> <li>An algebra in the category of coalgebras and coalgebra-homomorphisms</li> <li>An object $V$ with maps $e,m,\epsilon,\Delta$ satisfying the axioms above and a compatibility axiom: $$\Delta \circ m = (m\otimes m) \circ (\text{id} \otimes \text{flip} \otimes \text{id}) \circ (\Delta \otimes \Delta)$$</li> </ul> <p>A bialgebra can have the property of being <em>Hopf</em> (it is a property, not extra data): a bialgebra $V$ is <em>Hopf</em> if there exists an <em>antipode</em> map $s: V\to V$ satisfying $$m \circ (s\otimes \text{id}) \circ \Delta = e\circ \epsilon = m \circ (\text{id} \otimes s) \circ \Delta$$ Naturally, it's better to see these definitions than read them; check e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopf%5Falgebra" rel="nofollow">the Wikipedia article</a>. If an antipode exists for a bialgebra, it is unique (justifying considering Hopfness a property rather than a structure) and it is an antihomomorphism for both the algebra and coalgebra structures.</p> <p>Let VECT be the category of vector spaces (over your favorite field), with $\otimes$ the usual tensor product and $1$ the ground field. A ($\mathbb N$-)<em>filtered vector space</em> is a sequence $V = \{V_0 \hookrightarrow V_1 \hookrightarrow V_2 \hookrightarrow \dots\}$ in VECT. A morphism of filtered vector spaces $V \to W$ is a sequence of morphisms $V_n \to W_n$ so that every square commutes: $\{V_n \hookrightarrow V_{n+1} \to W_{n+1}\} = \{V_n \to W_n \hookrightarrow W_{n+1}\}$. Equivalently, a <em>filtered vector space</em> is a space $V \in$VECT along with an increasing sequence of subspaces $V_0 \subseteq V_1 \subseteq \dots \subseteq V$ such that $V = \bigcup V_n$, and a linear map of filtered vector spaces $V \to W$ is <em>filtered</em> if the image of $V_n$ lies in $W_n$ for each $n$.</p> <p>Because $\otimes$ is exact in VECT (because every monomorphism splits), to a pair $V,W$ of filtered vector spaces we can define an $\mathbb N^2$-filtered space with $(p,q)$-part $V_p\otimes W_q$, and then we can define the $\mathbb N$-filtered space $V\otimes W$ by setting $(V\otimes W)_n$ to be the colimit of the diagram given by all $V_p\otimes W_q$ with $p+q \leq n$. Equivalently, we can take the tensor product in VECT of the unions $V = \bigcup V_n$ and $W = \bigcup W_n$, and then filter it by declaring that the $n$th part is the union of the $(p\otimes q)$th parts for $p+q = n$.</p> <p>A ($\mathbb N$-)<em>graded</em> vector space is a sequence $\{V_0,V_1,V_2,\dots\}$ in VECT, or equivalently a space $V$ along with a direct sum decomposition $V = \bigoplus V_n$. A morphism of graded vector spaces preserves the grading.</p> <p>Let $V$ be a filtered vector space. Its <em>associated graded</em> space $\text{gr}V$ is given by $(\text{gr}V)_n = V_n / V_{n-1}$, where $V_{-1} = 0$, of course. Then $\text{gr}$ is a symmetric monoidal functor, and so takes filtered bialgebras to graded bialgebras.</p> <h2>Question</h2> <p>Let $V$ be a filtered bialgebra, i.e. a bialgebra in the category of filtered vector spaces. Then $\text{gr}V$ is a graded bialgebra. Suppose that $\text{gr}V$ is Hopf. Does it follow that $V$ is Hopf? I.e. suppose that $\text{gr}V$ has an antipode map. Must $V$ have an antipode map?</p> <p>(Or perhaps it requires additional hypotheses, e.g. that we be in characteristic 0, or that $V$ is <em>locally finite</em> in the sense that each $V_n$ is finite-dimensional?)</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/10827/if-associated-graded-of-a-filtered-bialgebra-is-hopf-does-it-follow-that-the-ori/10830#10830 Answer by darij grinberg for If associated-graded of a filtered bialgebra is Hopf, does it follow that the original bialgebra was Hopf? darij grinberg 2010-01-05T18:26:02Z 2010-01-05T18:52:52Z <p>There is a known theorem which, if I correctly understand your question, answers it (because the Hopf algebra antipode is defined as the $\ast$-inverse of $\mathrm{id}$):</p> <p><strong>Theorem 1.</strong> Let $A$ be an algebra and $\left(C,\left(C_n\right)_{n\geq 0}\right)$ a filtered coalgebra, i. e. a coalgebra $C$ and a sequence $\left(C_n\right)_{n\geq 0}$ such that:</p> <p>$C_n$ is a vector subspace of $C$ for every $n\geq 0$;</p> <p>$C=\bigcup_{n\geq 0}C_n$;</p> <p>$\Delta\left(C_n\right)\subseteq\sum_{i=0}^n C_i\otimes C_{n-i}$ for every $n\geq 0$.</p> <p>Let $f:C\to A$ be a linear map such that the restriction $f\mid_{C_0}:C_0\to A$ is $\ast$-invertible. Then, $f$ itself is $\ast$-invertible.</p> <p><em>Proof of Theorem 1.</em> Since $f\mid_{C_0}:C_0\to A$ is $\ast$-invertible, there exists a map from $C_0$ to $A$ which is the $\ast$-inverse of $f\mid_{C_0}$. Let $g$ be an arbitrary linear extension of this map to the whole $C$. So $g:C\to A$ is a linear map such that $g\mid_{C_0}:C_0\to A$ is a $\ast$-inverse of $f\mid_{C_0}:C_0\to A$. In other words, $\left(f*g\right)\mid_{C_0}=\eta\epsilon\mid_{C_0}$ (sorry, I call $\eta$ what you denote by $e$). In yet other words, $\phi\mid_{C_0}=0$, where $\phi:C\to A$ is the linear map defined by $\phi = \eta\epsilon - f*g$. An easy induction (only using $\Delta\left(C_n\right)\subseteq\sum_{i=0}^n C_i\otimes C_{n-i}$ and $\phi\mid_{C_0}=0$) shows that $\phi^i\left(C_n\right)=0$ for every integers $i$ and $n$ satisfying $i>n\geq 0$, where $\phi^i$ means the $i$-th power of $\phi$ with respect to the convolution $\ast$. Thus, the map $\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} \phi^i:C\to A$ is well-defined (in fact, the sum $\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} \phi^i:C\to A$ converges pointwise, as $C=\bigcup_{n\geq 0}C_n$). But $\left(\eta\epsilon - \phi\right)\ast\left(\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} \phi^i\right)=\eta\epsilon$ (by the geometric series formula, since $\eta\epsilon$ is the unity of the ring $\mathrm{Hom}\left(C,A\right)$ with multiplication $\ast$) and $\left(\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} \phi^i\right)\ast\left(\eta\epsilon - \phi\right)=\eta\epsilon$ (for the same reason). Hence, $\eta\epsilon - \phi$ is $\ast$-invertible. But $\eta\epsilon - \phi=-f*g$ (by the definition of $\phi$). Thus, $-f*g$ is $\ast$-invertible. Hence, so is $f*g$, and thus $f$ has a right-sided inverse. Similarly, $\eta\epsilon - \phi=-g*f$ yields that $g*f$ is $\ast$-invertible, and thus $f$ has a left-sided inverse. Therefore, $f$ is invertible. Theorem 1 is proven.</p> <p>EDIT: Okay, let me explain how to get your assertion from Theorem 1: Since $\mathrm{gr} V$ is a Hopf algebra, the identity $\mathrm{id}:\mathrm{gr} V\to\mathrm{gr} V$ has a $\ast$-inverse. Hence, its restriction $\mathrm{id}\mid_{V_0}:V_0\to\mathrm{gr} V$ to the component $V_0$ of $\mathrm{gr} V$ also has a $\ast$-inverse. This $\ast$-inverse must have its image in $V_0$ (because otherwise we can chain it with the projection $\mathrm{gr} V\to V_0$ and get another $\ast$-inverse of $\mathrm{id}\mid_{V_0}:V_0\to\mathrm{gr} V$, but the $\ast$-inverse is unique when it exists, so it must be the same one). Hence, the map $\mathrm{id}\mid_{V_0}:V_0\to V_0$ has an $\ast$-inverse. Thus, the map $\mathrm{id}\mid_{V_0}:V_0\to V$ has an $\ast$-inverse. Now, Theorem 1 yields that so does $\mathrm{id}:V\to V$, and we are done.</p> http://mathoverflow.net/questions/10827/if-associated-graded-of-a-filtered-bialgebra-is-hopf-does-it-follow-that-the-ori/10834#10834 Answer by Mariano Suárez-Alvarez for If associated-graded of a filtered bialgebra is Hopf, does it follow that the original bialgebra was Hopf? Mariano Suárez-Alvarez 2010-01-05T18:46:00Z 2010-01-05T18:46:00Z <p>There is a theorem by Takeuchi [Takeuchi, Mitsuhiro. Free Hopf algebras generated by coalgebras. J. Math. Soc. Japan 23 (1971), 561--582. <a href="http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=MR0292876" rel="nofollow">MR0292876</a>] that states that if $A$ is an algebra and $C$ is a coalgebra, then a map $f\in\hom(C,A)$ is convolution invertible iff its restriction $f|_{C_0}\in\hom(C_0,A)$ to the coradical $C_0$ of $C$ is convolution invertible. In particular, if $A=C$ is a bialgebra, to check that it is a Hopf algebra you need only check that $\mathrm{id}_{H_0}:H_0\to H$ is convolution invertible. If your filtration has $H_0\subseteq F_0$, and $F_0$ is a Hopf algebra, then this is automatic. Another simple instance of this is the classical case where $H_0=K$.</p>